امکان‌سنجی جواز نسبی شکنجه در موارد اضطرار به‌موجب حقوق بین‌الملل

پژوهش نامه ایرانی سیاست بین الملل

مقاله 4، دوره 5، شماره 2، آذر 1396، صفحه 57-92   

نوع مقاله: مقالات

شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22067/jipr.v5i2.59244

نویسندگان

بتول دانشجو¹؛ سید مهدی سیدزاده^{* 2}؛ عبدالرضا جوان جعفری¹

¹دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد

²دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد.

چکیده

به‌موجب قوانین داخلی و بین‌المللی شکنجه ممنوع است؛ اما در این مسئله که آیا شکنجه دارای ممنوعیت مطلق است و به‌هیچ‌عنوان و در هیچ شرایطی نمی‌توان حکم به جواز آن داد، اختلاف‌نظر وجود دارد. در قواعد حقوقی دو نظر در رابطه با اضطرار در شکنجه مطرح شده است: یک دسته معتقد بر ممنوعیت شکنجه بوده؛ اما در موارد اضطرار و زمانی که بحث ضرورت به وجود می‌آید؛ جهت حفظ امنیت جامعه، حکم به جواز شکنجه را صادر نموده‌اند؛ اما در مقابل، گروه دوم اعتقاد بر ممنوعیت مطلق شکنجه داشته و با توجه به کرامت ذاتی انسان، به‌هیچ‌عنوان و در هیچ شرایطی شکنجه را جایز نمی‌دانند. به‌موجب این پژوهش، گرچه اضطرار می‌تواند به‌عنوان عامل جواز محظورات درنظر گرفته شود، اما کاربست این نهاد درخصوص شکنجه با چالش‌های مهمی مواجه است. منع شکنجه در قوانین اعم از داخلی و بین‌المللی به‌صورت مطلق است و مضافاً اینکه عواملی چون مسری‌بودن، ضروری‌نبودن، بی‌اعتباری و غیرقابل‌اعتمادبودن اطلاعاتِ حاصله در اثر شکنجه مانع از تحقق و جمع‌شدن شرایط اضطرار به‌عنوان عامل موجه خواهد شد. افزون بر این، جواز شکنجه در موارد اضطرار خواه یا ناخواه منجر به شکنجۀ بی‌گناهان می‌شود. با توجه به موارد مذکور به‌موجب حقوق بین‌الملل شکنجه دارای ممنوعیت مطلق بوده و نمی‌توان به استناد اضطرار رأی به جواز نسبی آن داد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

شکنجه؛ اضطرار؛ جواز نسبی شکنجه؛ ممنوعیت مطلق شکنجه؛ شکنجه در حقوق بین الملل

مراجع

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