تأثیر تحریم بانکی به‌مثابه فورس ماژور بر نظام حقوقی گشایش اعتبار اسنادی

دانشنامه حقوق اقتصادی

مقاله 6، دوره 22، شماره 8، دی 1394، صفحه 124-145   

نوع مقاله: علمی پژوهشی

شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22067/le.v22i8.57063

نویسندگان

سید یاسر ضیایی¹؛ مهدی تلبا^{* 2}

¹دانشگاه قم

²دانشگاه شاهد

چکیده

اعتبارات اسنادی به دلیل ویژگی‌های خاص خود، رایج‌ترین روش پرداخت در معاملات بین‌المللی هستند. در نتیجۀ گشایش اعتبار اسنادی، بانک گشاینده به‌صورت غیر قابل برگشت در برابر ارائه اسناد شرط شده در مفاد اعتبار اسنادی، متعهد به پذیرش پرداخت می‌شود، اما این تعهد غیرقابل برگشت بانک که اطمینان کافی را برای خریدار و فروشنده ایجاد می‌کند، گاه به دلیل ایجاد فورس ماژور از بین می‌رود. در میان مصادیق فورس ماژور، تحریم‌های اقتصادی و به‌طور خاص تحریم‌های بانکی که در سال‌های اخیر علیه برخی کشورها و ازجمله جمهوری اسلامی ایران اعمال شده‌اند، از اهمیت فراوانی برخوردار هستند. تحریم بانکی که معمولاً شرایط اصلی فورس ماژور، یعنی خارجی بودن، غیرقابل پیش بینی بودن و غیرقابل اجتناب بودن را داراست، موجب رفع مسئولیت بانک در شرایط تحریم دولت و یا شرکت‌های متبوع دولت مورد تحریم می‌شود. درج شرط فورس ماژور یا شرط تحریم در قرارداد اعتبار اسنادی با بانک می‌تواند در مواردی که تردیدهایی در خصوص جایگاه حقوقی تحریم وجود دارد اطمینان لازم را به بانک گشاینده اعتبار اسنادی بدهد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

اعتبار اسنادی؛ بانک گشاینده اعتبار اسنادی؛ فورس ماژور؛ تحریم اقتصادی؛ تحریم بانکی

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