جریان بین‌المللی سرمایة انسانی و توسعة اقتصادی در ایران و ترکیه

پژوهش نامه ایرانی سیاست بین الملل

مقاله 5، دوره 8، شماره 1، اسفند 1398، صفحه 97-120   

نوع مقاله: مقالات

شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22067/.v8i1.74522

نویسندگان

محمدعلی شیرخانی؛ رحیم بایزیدی^*

دانشگاه تهران

چکیده

سرمایه انسانی و به‌تبع آن جریان بین‌المللی سرمایه انسانی از مهم‌ترین شاخص‌های مؤثر بر توسعه اقتصادی کشورها هستند. این مسئله باعث شده تا هم کشورهای درحال‌توسعه و هم کشورهای توسعه‌یافته، تمرکز بسیاری بر جذب آن‌ها به‌عنوان تولیدکنندگان ارزش اقتصادی داشته باشند. مسئله مهمی که از دغدغه‌های علمی در سطح جهانی می‌باشد، اثرات خروج سرمایه‌های انسانی بر توسعه اقتصادی در کشورهای مبدأ (درحال‌توسعه) و کشورهای مقصد (توسعه‌یافته) است. در این پژوهش تلاش داریم با استفاده از روش مقایسه‌ای به بررسی و مقایسه ایران و ترکیه به‌عنوان مواردی از کشورهایی که با خروج سرمایه‌های انسانی مواجه بوده‌اند، به این سؤال پاسخ دهیم که خروج سرمایه‌های انسانی چه تأثیری بر توسعه اقتصادی آن‌ها گذاشته است؟ در این زمینه دو رویکرد عمده وجود دارد. رویکرد نخست بر اثرات منفی جریان بین‌المللی سرمایه انسانی و رویکرد دوم نیز بر اثرات مثبت جریان بین‌المللی سرمایه انسانی بر توسعه اقتصادی کشورهای مبدأ تأکید دارد. درنهایت این نتیجه حاصل شد که گرچه در مواردی معدود ازجمله درآمدهای رمیتنسی، سرمایه‌گذاری خارجی و انتقال فناوری، خروج سرمایه‌های انسانی می‌تواند توسعه اقتصادی را بهبود بخشد، اما به‌خصوص خروج سرمایه‌های انسانی باکیفیت، عموماً آثار زیانباری بر توسعه اقتصادی کشورهای مبدأ می‌گذارد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

جریان بین‌المللی سرمایه انسانی؛ توسعه اقتصادی؛ ایران؛ ترکیه

مراجع

References

Adaman, F., & Ayhan, K. (2012). Social impact of emigration and rural-urban migration in central and eastern Europe, European Commission, DG Employment, Social Affairs and Inclusion.

Ahmed, S. A.; Go, Delfin Sia & Willenbockel, Dirk Andreas. (2016). Global migration revisited: short-term pains, long-term gains, and the potential of south-south migration (English). Policy research working paper; WPS 7628; Knowledge for Change Program (KCP). Washington, D. C. World Bank Group.

Akgündüz, A. (1993). Labour migration from Turkey to Western Europe (1960–1974), an analytical review, Capital & Class, 17(3), 153-194.

Alaedini, F. et al., (2005). The inclination to immigration and the related factors among Iranian physicians, Hakim Journal, 8(3). (in Persian)

Alamuti M. M. (2005). Globalization and Brain Drain: Review of Iran's Experiences. Social Welfare, 4(15), 209-232. (in Persian)

Aysit, T., & Nil, D. G. (2002). Brain drain from Turkey: survey evidence of student non-return, Career Development International, 8(2), 52-69.

Baizidi, R. (2014). Paradigms of International Relations: a review of theoretical approaches to paradigms of International Relations in theory, methodology and epistemology, Political International Researches, 6(18), 219-247.

Chisholm, H., ed. (1922). Ravenstein, Ernst Georg. Encyclopædia Britannica (12th ed.), London & New York.

Coffey, L. (2016). Turkey's demographic challenge, Turkey needs a realistic plan to deal with Syrian refugees, Aljazeera, 18 Feb 2016.

Cole, J. (2011). Ethnic groups of Europe: an encyclopedia, ABC-CLIO, 367–368.

Costanza, B. M.; Burzynski, B. E., & J. Machado. (2016). The gain from the drain skill-biased migration and global welfare, Centre for Research and Analysis of Migration, Discussion Paper Series. Available at: http://www.cream-migration.org/publ_uploads/CDP_24_16.pdf

De Haas, H. (2007). Remittance, migration and social development, a conceptual review of the literature, United Nations Research Institute for Social Development.

Docquier, F. (2014). The brain drains from developing countries, Universite Catholique de Louvain, and National Fund for Scientific Research, Belgium, and IZA, Germany, 31.

Durugonul, E. (2013). Turkish return migration from Europe, European Review, 21(3), 412–421.

Everett S. L. (1966). A theory of migration. Demography, 3(1), 47-57.

Grubel H. B., & Scott, A. D. (1966). The international flow of human capital, The American Economic Review, 56(1/2), 268-274.

Haas, H. D. (2005). International migration, remittances and development: myths and facts, Third World Quarterly, 26(8).

Human Development Report (2016). United Nations Development Programme.

İçduygu A. (2006a). International migrant remittances in Turkey’, CARIM Research Reports, 07, European University Institute, Florence.

Jafari Moattar, F. (2008). Immigration of elites, Institute for Human Sciences Research and Development. (in Persian)

Jennissen, R. (2007). Causality chains in the international migration systems approach, Population Research and Policy Review, 26(4), 411 – 36.

Johnson, H. G. (1975). International circulation of human capital or brain drain, Technology and Economic Interdependence, 90-115.

Julian, D. G.; Levchenko, A., & Ortega, F. (2014). A global view of cross-border migration, NBER Working Paper, No. 20002.

Karimi Petanlar, S. (2014). The effect of human capital on the flow of foreign direct investment in selected countries, Social Sciences MA Thesis, University of Mazandaran. (in Persian)

Klinthäll, M. (2008). Immigration, integration and return migration: the Swedish experience, Population Bulletin of the United Nations.

Motavasseli, M., & Ahanchian, M. R. (2002). Economy of Education, SAMT. (in Persian)

Mountford, A. (1997). Can a brain drain be good for growth in the source economy? Journal of Development Economics, 53, 287-303.

Naghdi, A. (2010). Iranian diaspora: with focus on Iranian immigrants in Sweden, Asian Social Science, 6(11).

Ostadi, H. R., & B, Raeisi (2013). A foreign direct investment (FDI) inflow and its effect on Iran's economic growth (1979-2009) and considering their bilateral relationship, Economic Development Research, 3(9), 147-172. (in Persian)

Schultz, T. W. (1971). Investment in human capital. New York: The Free Press.

Senobari, M. (2009). An introduction to human capital (concepts, characteristics and measurement indicators), Police Management Studies Quarterly, 6(22). (In Persian)

Shahabadi, A.; Karimkoshteh, M. H., & Mahmoudi, A. (2006). Investigating the factors affecting brain escape (case study of Iran), Iranian Journal of Trade Studies, 10(39). (in Persian)

Shahram-Nia, A. M., & Eskandari, M. (2009). Dimensions, roots and consequences of brain drain from periphery countries to the core countries (case study of Iran), 7(24 & 25). (in Persian)

Süoğlu, B. B. (2012). Trends in student mobility from Turkey to Germany, Perceptions, XVII (2), 61-84.

Su-Yan P. (2008). Changes and challenges in the flow of international human capital: China's experience, Journal of Studies in International Education, 14(3), 259-288).

Tahmasebi, J. (2012). Human development index and Iran's position in global, Center for Strategic Research, 159. (in Persian)

Tayefi, A. (2008). Sociology of Brain Drain, Nashre Forough. (In Persian)

Terminski, B. (2012). Environmentally-induced displacement, Theoretical Frameworks and Current Challenges. CEDEM, Universite de Liège.

The Global Human Capital Report 2017, By World Economic Forum (WEF).

The World Bank (2017). Migration and remittances data, annual remittances data (updated as of Apr. 2018). Available at:

http://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/migrationremittancesdiasporaissues/brief/migration-remittances-data

Thomas, B. (1967). The international circulation of human capital, Minerva, 5(4), 479–506.

United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (2018) World Investment Report 2017, United Nations Publication, New York and Geneva. Available at: http://unctad.org/en/PublicationsLibrary/wir2018_en.pdf

Voghoofi, H. (2001). Brain drain (1st Edition), Tehran: Zohd. (in Persian)

Wahba, J. (2015). Who benefits from return migration to developing countries, University of Southampton, UK, and IZA, Germany, 123.

World Bank (2016). Republic of Turkey, natural capital accounting, valuing water resources in Turkey, A Methodological Overview and Case Study, September. Available at:

http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/600681476343083047/pdf/AUS10650-REVISED-PUBLIC-Turkey-NCA-Water-Valuation-Report-FINAL-CLEAN.pdf

World Bank (2018). Record high remittances to low- and middle-income countries in 2017. Available at: http://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2018/04/23/record-high-remittances-to-low-and-middle-income-countries-in-2017

World Bank Group (2016). Migration and remittances factbook (3rd Edition), Global Knowledge Partnership on Migration and Development (KNOMAD).

World Migration in Figures (2013). A joint contribution by UN-DESA and the OECD to the United Nations high-level dialogue on migration and development. Available at: https://www.oecd.org/els/mig/World-Migration-in-Figures.pdf

Zakersalehi, G. (2004). Iranian university: an introduction to higher education, Tehran: Kavir. (in Persian)