نظریه قراردادهای سرمایه‌گذاری انعطاف‌پذیر در بخش بالادستی نفت

دانشنامه حقوق اقتصادی

مقاله 1، دوره 26، شماره 16، دی 1398، صفحه 1-24   

نوع مقاله: علمی پژوهشی

شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22067/le.v26i15.65309

نویسنده

علی محمد حکیمیان^*

پژوهشگاه حوزه و دانشگاه

چکیده

داوران بین­المللی برای تشخیص قانون حاکم بر قراردادهای سرمایه­گذاری نفتی حتی در مواردی که طرفین قانون حاکم را مشخص هم کرده باشند آراء و نظریاتی برای تبیین ماهیت آنها و دستیابی به قانون حاکم دارند که نشان از متابعت آنها از نظرات صرفاً نظری کلاسیک و یا تجدید نظر شده آکادمیک دارد. به نظر می­رسد برای قراردادهای سرمایه گذاری خارجی دربخش بالادستی نفت نمی‌توان قائل به یک نظر ثابت در مورد ماهیت آنها شد. هر قرارداد در شرایط خود و در یک نظام حقوقی خاص و با توجه به نیازهای طرفین وشرایط اقتصادی حاکم ایجاد می‌شود. معمولاً در هنگام مذاکرات پیش از قرارداد، طرفین از میزان نیاز، شرایط و وضعیت اقتصادی طرف مقابل آگاه شده و با توجه به آن، فرایند انعقاد قرارداد را پی می‌گیرند. در تعیین ماهیت باید میزان نقش هریک از موارد مذکور مشخص شود، لذا در این مقاله، در مقابل دکترینهای مختلف در مورد ماهیت این قراردادها، نظریه «قراردادهای انعطاف پذیر» ارائه شده است. بنابر این دیدگاه قراردادهای نفتی در یک طیف ماهیتی و نه یک ماهیت خاص قابل انطباق بر هرگونه قرارداد، قابل تحلیل و تبیین می‌باشد. این انعطاف پذیری رها نیست و پای در چارچوب نظم انتظامی دولت میزبان دارد. این نظریه می­تواند با بررسی عوامل حقوقی و اقتصادی که طرفین را وادار به انعقاد قرارداد نموده است نه تنها مسئله ­ای حقوقی را مبتنی بر واقعیتهای خارجی بازار سرمایه­گذاری کند؛ بلکه از اثرگذاری عوامل غیر اقتصادی بکاهد

کلیدواژه‌ها

کلید واژگان: بخش بالادستی؛ سرمایه گذاری خارجی؛ قرارداد انعطاف پذیر؛ رژیم حقوقی؛ دکترینهای حقوقی

مراجع

Administration for Publication and Arrangement of Laws and Regulations, Vive-presidency for Legal and Parliamentary Affairs (2006), “Investment Laws and Regulations”, 1st edition, Vive-presidency for Research, Publication and Arrangement of Laws and Regulations, July 2006. (in Persian)

[2] Ariankia, Reza (2009), Arbitration conditions under changes applied to the laws governing international oil and gas contracts, International Magazine of Law, a publication of the President’s Center for International Legal Affairs, vol. 1, pp 191-192. (in Persian)

[3] Ashtari, Mohammad (1988), Public discipline and laws enforceable on the concept of lawsuit in international arbitration, Magazine of Law, a publication of the President’s Center for International Legal Affairs, vol. 9, 1988-1989 fall and winter, pp 167-209. (in Persian)

[4] Emam, Farhad (1994), Law for foreign investment in Iran, vol. 1, Tehran, Yalda publications. (in Persian)

[5] Legal Affairs, National Iranian Oil Company (2002), Laws and regulation on oil, gas and petrochemical industry, vols. 1 and 2, Tehran Ministry of Petroleum Public Relations Department. (in Persian)

[6] Amirmoeini, Mehran and Hajimirzayi, Seyyed Mohammadali (2004), Financial regimes in oil industry; financial structure of the Iranian Government and National Iranian Oil Company, 1th edition, Institution for international studies on energy. (in Persian)

[7] International economic law and developing countries, translated by Mohamma Jafar Ghanbari Jahromi, Law Research Magazine, vol. 25-26, spring and summer 1989, pp 231 – 260. (in Persian)

[8] Heyrani, Ali (1989), Governance in natural resources, Magazine of Law, Presidential Services Office, vol. 11 and 12, winter issue, pp 221-234. (in Persian)

[9] Elsan, Mostafa and Rezaei, Ali (1989), Conditions for stability in international oil contracts, Magazine of Law, Presidential Services Office, vol. 37, fall and winter issue 1989. (in Persian)

[10] ShaideSani (1896), Masalekol Afham, vol. 13, Ghom, Institute for Islamic Sciences. (in Persian)

[11] Sadeghi, Mohsen (2005), Concept and enforcement of public order in judicial and quasi-judicial authorities and its modern indications, Law Magazine of Law Faculty, Tehran University, vol. 68. (in Persian)

[12] Sadr, Mohammadbagher (1987), اقتصادنا، الطبعه العشرون، سوریا: دارالتعارف المطبوعات،, p 482. (in Persian)

[13] Alidoosti Shahraki, Naser (1990), Foreign investment law, vol. 1, Tehran, Khorsandi. (in Persian)

[14] Law on permitting the exchange of the second supplementary contract to oil and gas sales contract of October 1954, State Official Gazette vol. 6550, dated 14 August 1967. (in Persian)

[15] Law on encouragement and protection of foreign investment, State Official Gazette vol. 16709, dated 13 July 2002. (in Persian)

[16] Law on arbitration in international trade of August 1997, State Official Gazette vol. 15335, dated 17 April 1997. (in Persian)

[17] Law on permitting the exchange of oil and gas sales contracts and the manner of its administration, State Official Gazette vol. 2843, dated 12 July 1954. (in Persian)

[18] Law on exploration, discovery and exploitation of oil inside the country and in continental shelf State Official Gazette vol. 3642, dated 12 July 1954. (in Persian)

[19] Leboulangeh, Philippe (2008), State contracts with foreign companies, translated by Taghizade Ansari, Mostafa; vol. 1, Tehran, Oil Development and Engineering Co.. (in Persian)

[20] Mohebbi, Mohsen (1995), Legal character of Iran – USA arbitration court from the international law point of view, International Law Magazine, President’s Center for International Legal Affairs, vols. 18 and 19, 1994 – 1995 pp 385-446. (in Persian)

[21] Mohebbi, Mohsen (1999), Governing law regime in Iran – USA arbitration court in oil-related lawsuits and its impact on international arbitration trend, Law Research Magazine, vol. 27-28, fall and winter 1999 - 2000, p 51 and pp 67 – 69. (in Persian)

[22] Mohebbi, Mohsen (1996), International arbitration practice on damages (oil lawsuits), International Law Magazine, President’s Center for Legal Affairs, fall and winter 1996 - 1997 vol. 35 and 19, pp 70 – 79. (in Persian)

[23] Parliament Research Center (2010), Tablet of right, Law on permitting the enforcement of regulations of Planning Commission of National Parliament, ratified on 15 February 1949. (in Persian)

[24] Movahhed Mohammadali (1978), Our oil and its legal issues, vol. 3, Tehran Kharazmi. (in Persian)

[25] Movahhed Mohammadali (1990), consortium lawsuits against Iran - USA arbitration court, Bar Association Magazine, vol. 152 - 153, fall and winter 1990, pp 61 – 82. (in Persian)

[26] Movahhed Mohammadali (1995), Lessons from oil arbitrations, nationalization and damages, Tehran, Karnameh Publications. (in Persian)

[27] Movahhed Mohammadali (1997), Lessons from oil arbitrations, governing law, vol. 1, Tehran, Karnameh Publications. (in Persian)

[28] Institute for International Studies on Energy (2001), A research project: “Potential facilities and solutions for the attraction of foreign investment in oil and gas sectors”, vol. 3, Tehran, Library of Institute for International Studies on Energy. (in Persian)

[29] Najafi, Mohammadhassan (1991), JavaherolKalam, vol 38, Tehran, دارالکتب الاسلامیه. (in Persian)

[30] Verdross,“Protection of Private Property under Quasi International Agreemets’’ Ned.Tijdschreft Voor Intern Rech vol.6 (1958). P 358.

[31] Anglo-Iranian Oil Co... Case, International Court of Justice: Reports of Judgements, A.dvisory Opinions and Orders,1952 (Leyden, Holland: A.W. Sijthoffs Publishing Co.1952)

[32] Asante, S. K. B. “Stability of Contractual Relations in the Transnational Investement Process”, ICLQ, vol. 28, 1979, pp.401-404.

[33] Cooter, Robert & Ulen, Thomas: “Law and Economics, 3rd ed.Addison Wesley Longman,Inc.2000.

[34] Gao, Zhiguo, International Petroleum Contracts; current trends and new directions, Graham & Trotman Ltd, 1994, p.23-30.

[35] Government of Kuwait v. American Independent Oil Company (Aminoil) 21 ILM 679 (1982)

[36] Henry Cattan, The Law of oil Concessions in The Middel East and North Africa, Oceana Publication, Dobbs Ferry, NewYork, 1967, p.73-76, available at: www.repository. law. indiana.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi? article = 2455

[37] C. J. Reports, 2004, “Legal Consequences of the Construction of a Wall in the Occupied Palestinian Territory (2003-2004), Advisory Cases, 2003, p. 118, available at: http://www. cij-icj.org.

[38] Kojanec, Legal Nature of Agreement Concluded by Private Entities With Forein States, Acad. La Haye, 1985. Paris, p.8,n,14,15 et 16

[39] Libyan American Oil Co.v.Government if Libyan Arab Republic (Liamco) Award issued on 1977.20 ILM (1981) ILM 139 (1982)

[40] M. Sonarajah, The Pursuit of Nationalized Property, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 1986, p. 171.

[41] Pacta Sunt Servanda,available at www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/930509/pacta-sunt-servanda & legal-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Pacta+Sunt+Servanda

[42] Texaco Overseas Petroleum Co.California v. Government of the Libyan Arab Republic (Topco)53ILR 389 (1977) 17 ILM(1978)

[43] The serbrian loans, Permanent Court of Intertional Justice (1929), series A. No. 20 available at sydney.edu.au/.../international/Summer%202010

[44] Tunkin, Grigory, “International Law in the International System”, R. C. A. D. I. 1957, vol. 147, p.208.

[45] Un General Assembly Res.3281 (XXIX), 12 December 1962; THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN “PERMANENT SOVEREIGNTY” AND THE OBLIGATION NOT TO CAUSE TRANSBOUNDARY ENVIRONMENTAL DAMAGE, Franz Xaver Perrez. Available at www.iew.unibe.ch/.../sel-topic_3-perrez-permsovereign_ger.pdf

[46] www.assaluyeh.com/articles.php?103-fa