تحلیل اقتصادی حریم خصوصی در سیستم حقوقی ایالات‌متحده آمریکا

دانشنامه حقوق اقتصادی

مقاله 5، دوره 26، شماره 16، دی 1398، صفحه 103-144   

نوع مقاله: علمی پژوهشی

شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22067/le.v26i15.75337

نویسندگان

محمدتقی رفیعی¹؛ مرضیه زوکی نژاد^{* 2}

¹ُتهران

²دانشگاه تهران

چکیده

فنّاوری، تأثیرات اخلاقی و اجتماعی دارد که موجب بحث‌ها و نگرانی‌های زیادی شده است. یکی از مسائل خاص فنّاوری، حریم خصوصی است. باوجود تعاریف متفاوت از حریم خصوصی، تمامی آن‌ها، به مرزهای بین خود و دیگران یا درواقع مرزهای بین خصوصی و عمومی مربوط هستند. در این مقاله، به‌منظور تعیین حدود بهینه مداخله دولت و ارزیابی اقتصادی قطعی از اینکه آیا حمایت قانونی کمتر یا بیشتری از حریم خصوصی موردنیاز است، به‌ مقایسه ارزش کلی حفاظت از حریم خصوصی و افشای داده شخصی(عدم حفاظت از حریم خصوصی) و پیامدهای اقتصادی آن‌ها از طریق تجزیه‌وتحلیل جریان‌های متنوع نظری در مورد اقتصاد حریم خصوصی و همچنین بده بستان‌های حریم خصوصی برای دارندگان داده، موضوعات داده و اشخاص ثالث، پرداخته‌ایم. با توجه به تجزیه‌وتحلیل‌هایی که ارائه گردید، این نتیجه حاصل شد که معنا و گستره حریم خصوصی، بده بستان‌های مربوط به آن و ارزش‌گذاری‌های مصرف‌کنندگان از داده شخصی، بسیار متنوع است. بعلاوه، منافع و هزینه‌های حفاظت از حریم خصوصی و به اشتراک‌گذاری داده شخصی نیز در موقعیت‌ها، شرایط و فروض مختلف متفاوت می‌شود. درنهایت تئوری اقتصاد نیز نشان می‌دهد که در اوضاع‌واحوال مختلف، به همان اندازه که توقف جریانات داده می‌تواند رفاه کل را کاهش دهد، حفاظت از حریم خصوصی می‌تواند آن را افزایش دهد؛ لذا مقایسه ارزش کلی حفاظت از حریم خصوصی و داده شخصی و برآورد اقتصادی نهایی و قطعی در مورد اینکه نیاز به حفاظت بیشتر یا کمتری از حریم خصوصی است، دشوار است. بنابراین به نظر می‌رسد حل مسئله حریم خصوصی، به معنای یافتن تعادلی میان حریم خصوصی و به اشتراک‌گذاری اطلاعات در جهت منافع موضوعات داده و جامعه خواهد بود. ارزیابی حریم خصوصی از دیدگاه اقتصادی می‌تواند در یافتن این تعادل به ما کمک کند. روش ایجاد چنین تعادلی به تحقیق دیگری در این زمینه نیاز دارد.
 

کلیدواژه‌ها

تحلیل اقتصادی حقوق؛ حریم خصوصی اطلاعات؛ افشای اطلاعات شخصی

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