بازتعریف دوستی، در حلقه های کندوکاو فلسفی

پژوهش نامه مبانی تعلیم و تربیت

مقاله 2، دوره 8، شماره 1 - شماره پیاپی 15، شهریور 1397، صفحه 21-42   

نوع مقاله: پژوهشی

شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22067/fedu.v8i1.68972

نویسنده

مهرنوش هدایتی^*

پژوهشگاه علوم انسانی و مطالعات فرهنگی

چکیده

هدف اصلی این پژوهش، بررسی تاثیر پدیدۀ دوستی به عنوان یکی از مهمترین چالش‌های زندگی اجتماعی انسان به ویژه در دوران مدرسه، بر پیشرفت معرفتی کودکان و نوجوانان در حلقه‌های کندوکاو فلسفی می باشد. برای دستیابی به این هدف از روش تحلیل و تفسیر متون و استنتاج منطقی بهره گرفته شد. یافته های این پژوهش حاکی از آن است که گفتگوی جمعی نقاد و خلاق در «حلقه‌های کندوکاو فلسفی» همواره با دو دغدغه همراه است: نخست، در صورت مشارکت در گفتگوی انتقادی احتمال تخریب و تکدر دوستی میان هم‌کلاسان وجود دارد. دومین نگرانی، رکود پیشرفت معرفت‌شناختی در حلقه‌های کندوکاو به دلیل عدم مشارکت دوستان صمیمی در فرایند نقد و تولید ایده‌های بدیع در حین گفتگو و پیروی از آرای افراد قوی‌تر در کلاس می باشد. لذا به‌نظر می‌رسد، همان‌گونه که این جنبش‌های تأملی نیازمند تغییر و تحولاتی در سخت‌افزارهای نظام تعلیم و تربیت سنتی هستند، می‌بایست در حوزه نرم‌افزاری تعلیم وتربیت از جمله مفهوم دوستی، تعریف جدیدی ارائه دهند. پرورش تفکر مراقبتی درکنار دو مهارت فکری نقاد و خلاق می‌تواند مفهوم دوستی را در ذهن کودکان به مثابه یک امر مراقبتی با تمام ویژگی‌های آن ارتقاء دهد. برپایه نتایج به دست آمده می توان بازتعریف مفهوم دوستی از رابطه‌ای سطحی و مبتنی بر تایید را به رابطه‌ای مراقبتی، اندیشمندانه و رشد‌دهنده پیشنهاد داد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

دوستی؛ حلقه کندوکاو؛ تفکر مراقبتی؛ دوستی مراقبتی

مراجع

Adams, R. E; Santo, J. B. & Bukowski, W. M. (2011). The presence of a best friend buffers the effects of negative experiences. Developmental Psychology, 47(6), 1786- 1791.

Alavipour, S.M. (2010). The Relation between Self and Political Power in St. Augustines Thought. Research in Theoretical Politics, 5(10), 47-76. (In Persian)

Allan, G. (1996). Kinship and Friendship in Modern Britain. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Aristotle (2011). Nicomachean ethics (2nd Ed.). (M.H. Lotfi‌‌‌ e Tabrizi, Trans). Tehran: Kharazmi Pub. (In Persian)

Badhar, N. (1993). Friendship: A Philosophical Reader. New York: Cornell University Press.

Bellah, R. N. (2004). Education for justice and the common good. Conversations on Jesuit Higher Education, 25(2), 28–37.

Brendt, T.J. (1999). Friends’ influence on students’adjustment to school. Educational Psychologist. 34, 15–28.

Brahm, B. A., & Bowling, C. J. (2009). Family and Consumer Sciences fact sheet: Building caring communities to support families. Columbus, OH: Ohio State University Extension.

Brendt, T.J. (2002). Friendship Quality and Social Development. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 11(1), 7-10.

Campell, K., Holderness, N. & Riggs, M. (2015). Friendship chemistry: An examination of underlying factors. The Social Science Journal, 52, 239-247.

Cooperrider, D. L. & Srivastva, S. (1987). Appreciative Inquiry in Organizational Life. Research in Organizational Change and Development, 1, 129-169.

Costa, A. &Kallick, B. (1993). Through the lens of a critical friend. Educational leadership, 51(2), 49–51.

Cowen, J. (2014). Noteworthy matters for attention in reflective journal writing. Active Learning in Higher Education, 15(1).

Damon, W. (1983). Social & Personality Development. New York: Norton & Company.

Daniel, M. & Auric, E. (2011). Philosophy, critical thinking and philosophy for children. Educational Philosophy and Theory, 43(5), 415-435.

Davey, S. (2004a). Creative, critical, and caring engagement— philosophy through inquiry.Retrieved from: http://www.inter-disciplinary.net/ati/education/cp/ce2/Davey%20paper.pdf

Davey, S. (2004b).Consensus, Caring and Community: An Inquiry into Dialogue. Analytic Teaching, 25(1), 18-51.

Davey, S. (2012). The Socratic Classroom: Reflective Thinking through Collaborative Thinking. Rotterdom: Sense Publishers.

DeSousa, D. A. & Cerqueira-Santos, E. (2012). Intimate Friendship Relationships among Young Adults. Psicologia: Teoria e Pesquisa, 22(53), 325-333.

Facione, N. C., Facione, P. A., & Sanchez, C. A. (1994). Critical thinking disposition as a measure of competent clinical judgment: The development of the California critical thinking disposition inventory. Journal of Nursing Education, 33, 345-350.

Fisher (2013) Teaching Thinking: Philosophical Enquiry in the Classroom. London: Bloomsbury.

Fearnley-Sander, M. (1998). Care and the Force of the Argument in Respecting Difference. Thinking: The Journal of Philosophy for Children, 14(1), 24–28.

Ghaedi, Y. (2016). The basical Theory of Philosophy for Children. Tehran: Meraat Pub. (In Persian)

Gutierrez-Santiuste, E., Rodriguez-Sabiote, C.; Gallego-Arrufat, M.J. (2015). Cognitive presence through social and teaching presence in communities of inquiry: A correlational–predictive study. Australasian Journal of Educational Technology, 31(3), 349-362.

Hartley–Brewer, E. (2009). Making Sense of Your Child’s Friendships. Piccadilly Press.

Hedayati, M. (2017a). Trust to Children. Tehran: IHCS. (In Persian).

Hedayati, M. (2017b). A Healthy Climbing: The Critical Care Approach. Journal of Critical Litrature and Humanities, 17(7), 235-252. (In Persian).

Hejazi, E. &Zohrevand, Z. (2001). The survey of friendship Crateria and Qualities in Child and Adolescence Girls. Journal of Psychology and Education, 6(1), 1-20. (In Persian)

Helm, B. (2005). Friendship. In Zalta, E. N. (Ed.). The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. http://plato.stanford.edu/.

Johnston, D. K. (2006). Education for a caring society: classroom relationships and moral action. Teachers College, Columbia University.

Kennedy, D. (2012). Lipman, Dewey, and the Community of Philosophical Inquiry. Education & Culture, 28(2), 36-53.

Kizel, A. (2017). Philosophical communities of inquiry: the search for and finding of meaning as the basis for developing a sense of responsibility. Childhood & Philosophy, 13(26), 87-103.

Leszczensky, L.; Pink, S. & Kalter, F. (2015). Friendship and Identity in School. University Mannheim.

Lipman, M. (2003) Thinking in Education (Second Edition), Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Lipman, M.; Sharp, A. M. and Oscanyan, F. S. (1980) Philosophy in the Classroom. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.

Lipman, M., Sharp, A. M. (2015). Ethical Inquiry: Instructional manual to accompany Lisa. 2nd Ed. (R. Karimi, Trans). Tehran: IHCS. (In Persian).

Marsal, E.; Dobashi, T.; Weber, B. (Eds.). (2009). Children Philosophize Worldwide: Theoretical and Practical Concepts. Peter Lang: Internationaler Verlag.

Maraashi, M., Ghaedi, Y. (2015). Community of Inqiry: Basics and Functions. Tehran: IHCS. (In Persian).

Naji, S. (2016). Philosophical Inquiry for Children. Vol.2. Tehran: IHCS. (In Persian).

Noddings, N. (1984). Caring: A Feminine Approach to Ethics and Moral Education. Berkeley: University of California Press.

Nichols, M. P. (2006). Friendship and Community in Plato's "Lysis". The Review of Politics, 68(1), 1-19.

Obiunu, J.J. (2015). Relationship between Parents and Peer Influencences on Qualities of Adolescent Friendship. Journal of Education and Practice, 6(8), 128-133.

Pappano, L. (2004). Offering aid to parents. Boston Globe.

Parvinian, M., Rahimzade, L., Tajbakhsh, F. & Talegani, L. (2016). A discussion plan for the management of the “Philosophy and Child” classes. Tehran: Sadra Pub. (In Persian).

Radji, M. (2016). An Inquiry into the Theoretical-Educational Fundations and Origins of Philosophy for Children. Tehran: IHCS. (In Persian).

Roumer, L. (1994). The Changing Face of Friendship. Notre Dame, Indiana: University of Notre DamePress.

Schertz, M. (2006). Empathic Pedagogy: Community of Inquiry and the Development of Empathy. Analytic Teaching, 26 (1), 8-14.

Selman, R. L. (2007). Promotion of social awareness: powerful lessons from the partnership of developmental theory and classroom practice. New York: Russell Sage.

Sharp, A. (2007). Education of the Emotions in the Classroom Community of Inquiry. Gifted Education International, 22(2), 248-257

Sharp, A. M. (2014). The other dimension of caring thinking. Journal of Philosophy in School, 1(1).

Snyder, M., & Smith, D. (1986). Personality and Friendship. In Derlega & Winstead (Eds.), Friendship and Social Interaction (pp. 63–80). New York: Springer-Verlag.

Sprod, T. (2001). Philosophical Discussion in Moral Education: The community of ethical inquiry. London and New York: Routdlege.

Treffinger, D. J. (2014). The Role of Creativity and Problem Solving inBuilding and Sustaining Caring Communities. Waco, TX: Prufrock Press.

Turgeon, W. C. (2012). The Place of ‘Philosophy’ in Preparing Teachers to Teach Pre-College Philosophy: Notes for a conversation. Analytic Teaching and Philosophical Praxis, 32(2), 68-74.

Yorshansky, M. (2007). Democratic Education and the Consept of Power, Critical and Creative Thinking. The Australian Journal of Philosophy in Education, 15(1), 15-35.