تأثیر دماهای ثابت و نوساندار، هنگام نگهداری لارو زنبور پارازیتوئید Lysiphlebus fabarum (Hym., Braconidae) در دمای پایین

پژوهش های حفاظت گیاهان ایران

مقاله 3، دوره 30، شماره 2 - شماره پیاپی 32، تیر 1395، صفحه 270-283   

نوع مقاله: مقالات پژوهشی

شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22067/jpp.v30i2.43971

نویسندگان

حسین ماهی^* ؛ آرش راسخ؛ پرویز شیشه بر

دانشگاه شهید چمران اهواز

چکیده

نگهداری در سرما یک عامل استرسی بوده و روی پارامترهای مختلف شایستگی حشرات اثر منفی میگذارد. طراحی و تکمیل روشهای نگهداری در سرما برای بیمه کردن مهارکنندههای زیستی تولید شده از اهمیت زیادی برخوردار است. در این مطالعه جمعیت همسنی از لاروهای سن آخر جمعیت جنسی زنبور Lysiphlebus fabarum (Marshall)، پارازیتوئید شتههای سیاه باقلا (Aphis fabae Scopoli)، در دو رژیم دمایی نوساندار (انتقال روزانه به مدت دو ساعت به دمای ºC 1±21) و یا ثابت (بدون انتقال به دمای بالاتر)، در دمای شش درجه سانتیگراد نگهداری و این شتههای پارازیته در هر رژیم بعد از یک، دو و یا سه هفته از سرما خارج و به اتاق رشد منتقل شدند. با ظهور حشرات کامل، فاصله زمانی تا ظهور، نرخ ظهور، نسبت جنسی، طول ساق پا، بار تخم و اندازه تخمک آنها تعیین شد. مطابق با نتایج، پس از سه هفته نگهداری در سرما، رژیم دمایی ثابت مناسبتر از نوساندار بود، چرا که علاوه بر افزایش مدت زمان ظهور (هر دو جنس نر و ماده)، نسبت جنسی، طول ساق پا (حشرات نر و ماده) و بار تخم بالاتری را نسبت به رژیم دمایی نوساندار موجب شد. در هفته سوم نگهداری فقط اندازه تخمک حشرات نگهداری شده در رژیم ثابت کمتر از رژیم نوساندار بود. اما در لاروهایی که به مدت دو هفته در سرما نگهداری شدند، صرف نظر از مدت زمان ظهور، رژیم دمایی نوساندار مناسبتر بود چرا که حشرات در این رژیم دمایی نرخ ظهور، نسبت جنسی، طول ساق پا و اندازه تخمک بیشتری نسبت به رژیم دمایی ثابت داشتند.

کلیدواژه‌ها

تولید انبوه؛ شته سیاه باقلا؛ نسبت جنسی؛ نگهداری در سرما

مراجع

1- Ali M.F., Abdel-Reheem E.F.M. and Abdel-Rahman H.A. 1997. Effect of temperature extremes on the survival and biology of the carpet beetle, Attagenus fasciatus (Thunberg) (Coleoptera: Dermestidae). Journal of Stored Product Research, 33: 147-156.

2- Ameri M., Rasekh A., Michaud J.P., and Allahyari H. 2013. Morphometric indicators for quality assessment in the aphid parasitoid, Lysiphlebus fabarum (Braconidae: Aphidiinae). European Journal of Entomology, 110: 519-525.

3- Amice G., Vernon P., Outreman Y., Van Alphen J.J.M., and Van Baaren J. 2008. Variability in responses to thermal stress in parasitoids. Ecological Entomology, 33: 701-708.

4- Andersson M. 1994. Sexual selection. Princeton Univ. Press. 624 pp.

5- Angilletta M.J., and Dunham A.E. 2003. The temperature size rule in ectotherms: simple evolutionary explanations may not be general. American Naturalist, 162: 332-342.

6- Archer T.L., and Eikenbary R.D. 1973. Cold storage of Aphelinus asychis, a parasitoid of the greenbug. Environmental Entomology, 2: 489-490.

7- Archer T.L., Murray C.L., Eikenbary R.D., Starks K.J., and Morrison R.D. 1973. Cold storage of Lysiphlebus testaceipes mummies. Environmental Entomology, 2: 1104-1108.

8- Bernardo U., Iodice L., Sasso R., and Pedata P.A. 2008. Effects of cold storage on Thripobius javae (=T. semiluteus) (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae). Biocontrol Science and Technology, 18: 921-933.

9- Bigler F. 1994. Quality control in Trichogramma production. In: Wajnberg, E., Hassan, S.A. (Eds.), Biological Control with Egg Parasitoids. CAB International, Wallingford, UK, pp. 93-111.

10- Bourdais D., Vernon P., Krespi L., Le Lannic J., and Van Baaren J. 2006. Antennal structure of male and female Aphidius rhopalosiphi DeStefani-Peres (Hymenoptera: Braconidae): description and morphological alterations after cold storage or heat exposure. Microscopy Research and Technique, 69: 1005-1013.

11- Bourdais D., Vernon P., Krespi L., and Van Baaren J. 2012. Behavioural consequences of cold exposure on males and females of Aphidius rhopalosiphi De Stephani Perez (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). Bio Control, 57: 349–360.

12- Chen C.P., and Denlinger D.L. 1992. Reduction of cold injury in flies using an intermittent pulse of high temperature. Cryobiology, 29: 138-143.

13- Chown S.L., and Gaston K. J. 2010. Body size variation in insects: a macroecological perspective. Biological Reviews, 85: 139-169.

14- Clarke G.M., Brand G.W., and Whitten M.J. 1986. Fluctuating asymmetry: a technique for measuring developmental stress caused by inbreeding. Australian Journal of Biological Science, 39: 145-154.

15- Colinet H., and Boivin G. 2011. Insect parasitoids cold storage: A comparative review of factors of variability and consequences. Biological Control. 58: 83-95.

16- Colinet H., and Hance T. 2009. Male reproductive potential of Aphidius colemani (Hymenoptera: Aphidiinae) exposed to constant or fluctuating thermal regimens. Environmental Entomology, 38: 242-249.

17- Colinet H., and Hance T. 2010. Interspecific variation in the response to low temperature storage in different aphid parasitoids. Annals of Applied Biology, 156: 147-156.

18- Colinet H., Hance T., and Vernon P. 2006a. Water relations, fat reserves, survival, and longevity of a cold-exposed parasitic wasp Aphidius colemani (Hymenoptera: Aphidiinae). Environmental Entomology, 35: 228-236.

19- Colinet H., Renault D., Hance T., and Vernon P. 2006b. The impact of fluctuating thermal regimes on the survival of a cold exposed parasitic wasp, Aphidius colemani. Physiological Entomology, 31: 234-240.

20- Colinet H., Hance T., Vernon P., Bouchereau A., and Renault D. 2007a. Does fluctuating thermal regime trigger free amino acid production in the parasitic wasp Aphidius colemani (Hymenoptera: Aphidiinae)? Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology A: Molecular and Integrative Physiology, 147:484-492.

21- Colinet H., Nguyen T.T.A., Cloutier C., Michaud D., and Hance T. 2007b. Proteomic profiling of a parasitic wasp exposed to constant and fluctuating cold exposure. Insect Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 37: 1177-1188.

22- David J.F., and Vannier G. 1996. Changes in the supercooling with body size, sex and season in the long-lived millipede Polyzonium germanicum (Diplopoda: Polyzoniidae). Journal of Zoology, 240: 599-608.

23- Doyon J., and Boivin G. 2005. The effect of development time on the fitness of female Trichogramma evanescens. Journal of Insect Science. 5:4.

24- Ellers J. 1996. Fat and eggs: An alternative method to measure the trade off between survival and reproduction in insect parasitoids. Netherlands Journal of Zoology, 46: 227-235.

25- Ellers J., and van Alphen J.J.M. 1997. Life history evolution in Asobara tabida: plasticity in allocation of fat reserves to survival and reproduction. Journal of Evolutionary Biology, 10: 771-785.

26- Ferguson J. 1990. Better good bugs. Agricultural Consultant, 46: 3-4.

27- Giron D., and Casas J. 2003. Mothers reduce egg provisioning with age. Ecology Letters, 6: 273-277.

28- Godfray H.C.J. 1994. Parasitoids, Behavioral and Evolutionary Ecology. Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey. 473 pp.

29- Hance T., van Baaren J., Vernon P., and Boivin G. 2007. Impact of extreme temperatures on parasitoids in a climate change perspective. Annual Review of Entomology, 52: 107-126.

30- Ismail M., Vernon P., Hance T., and Van Baaren J. 2010. Physiological costs of cold exposure on the parasitoid Aphidius ervi, without selection pressure and under constant or fluctuating temperatures. Bio Control, 55: 729-740.

31- Ismail M., Vernon P., Hance T., Pierre J.S., and Van Baaren J. 2012. What are the possible benefits of small size for energy-constrained ectotherms in cold stress conditions? Oikos, 121(12): 2072-2080.

32- Ismail M., Van Baaren J., Hance T., Pierre J.S., and Vernon P. 2013. Stress intensity and fitness in the parasitoid Aphidius ervi (Hymenoptera: Braconidae): temperature below the development threshold combined with a fluctuating thermal regime is a must. Ecological Entomology, 38: 355–363.

33- Kostal V., Renault D., Mehrabianova A., and Bastl J. 2007. Insect cold tolerance and repair of chill-injury at fluctuating thermal regimes: role of ion homeostasis. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology A. Molecular and Integrative Physiology, 147: 231-238.

34- Kostal V., Yanagimoto M., and Bastl J. 2006. Chilling-injury and disturbance of ion homeostasis in the coxal muscle of the tropical cockroach (Nauphoeta cinerea). Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology A: Molecular and Integrative Physiology, 143: 171-179.

35- Krishnamoorthy A. 1989. Effect of cold-storage on the emergence and survival of the adult exotic parasitoid, Leptomastix dactylopii Howard (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae). Entomon, 14: 313-318.

36- Lacoume S., Bressac C., and Chevrier C. 2007. Sperm production and mating potential of males after a cold shock on pupae of the parasitoid wasp Dinarmus basalis (Hymenoptera : Pteromalidae). Journal of Insect Physiology, 53: 1008-1015.

37- Langer A., and Hance T. 2000. Overwintering strategies and cold hardiness of two aphid parasitoid species (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Aphidiinae). Journal of Insect Physiology, 46: 671-676.

38- Leopold R.A. 1998. Cold storage of insects for integrated pest management. In temperature sensitivity in insects and application in integrated pest management, pp. 235–267. Eds G.J. Hallman and D.L. Denlinger. Boulder, CO, USA: Westview Press.Levitt J. 1980. Responses of plants to environmental stresses, 2nd end. New York: Academic Press, Inc.

39- Levie A., Vernon P., and Hance T. 2005. Consequences of acclimation on survival and reproductive capacities of cold stored mummies of Aphidius rhopalosiphi (Hymenoptera: Aphidiinae). Journal of Economic Entomology, 98: 704-708.

40- Luczynski A., Nyrop J.P., and Shi A. 2007. Influence of cold storage on pupal development and mortality during storage and on post-storage performance of Encarsia formosa and Eretmocerus eremicus (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae). Biological Control, 40: 107-117.

41- Mahi H. 2014. Cold storage feasibility of Lysiphlebus fabarum (Hym., Aphidiidae) for mass rearing usage. M.Sc. dissertation. Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz. (in Persian with English abstract).

42- Mohammadi Z. 2014. Impact of host developmental stage on offspring fitness and investigation of foraging behavior in Lysiphlebus fabarum (Marshall) (Hymenoptera: Aphidiidae). M.Sc. dissertation. Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz. (in Persian with English abstract).

43- Mohammadi Z., Rasekh A., Kocheli F., and Habibpour B. 1393. Determining the best morphometric indices for quality control in a sexual population of Lysiphlebus fabarum (Braconidae: Aphidiinae). Plant Pests Research, (in Press).

44- Nedved O., Lavy D., and Verhoef H.A. 1998. Modelling the time-temperature relationship in cold injury and effect of high-temperature interruptions on survival in a chill-sensitive collembolan. Functional Ecology, 12: 816-824.

45- Okine J.S., Mitchell E.R., and Hu G.Y. 1996. Low temperature effect on viability of Diadegma insulare (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) pupae and effect on this parasitoid on feeding rate of Diamondback moth larvae (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae). The Florida Entomologist, 79: 503-509.

46- Pitcher S.A., Hoffmann M.P., Gardner J., Wright M.G., and Kuhar T.P. 2002. Cold storage of Trichogramma ostriniae reared on Sitotroga cerealella eggs. BioControl, 47: 525-535.

47- Polgar L. 1986. Effect of cold storage on the emergence, sex-ratio and fecundity of Aphidius matricariae, pp. 255-260. In I. Hodek (ed.), Ecology of Aphidophaga. Academia, Prague & Dr. Junk, Dordrecht, Germany.

48- Polgar L.A., and Hardie J. 2000. Diapause induction in aphid parasitoids. Entomologica Expermentalis et Applicata, 97: 21-27.

49- Rakhshani E., Talebi A.A., Manzari S., Rezwani, A., and Rakhshani H. 2006. An investigation on alfalfa aphids and their parasitoids in different parts of Iran, with a key to the parasitoids (Hemiptera: Aphididae; Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Aphidiinae). Journal of Entomological Society of Iran, 25(2): 1-14.

50- Rasekh A., Michaud J.P., Kharazi-Pakdel A., and Allahyari H. 2010. Ant mimicry by an aphid parasitoid, Lysiphlebus fabarum (Marshall) (Hymenoptera: Aphidiidae). Journal of Insect Science, 10: 126.

51- Ravensberg W.J. 1992. Production and utilization of natural enemies in western European glasshouse crops. In: Anderson, T.E., Leppla, N.C. (Eds.), Advances in Insect Rearing for Research and Pest Management. Westview, Boulder, CO, pp. 465-487.

52- Renault D., Hance T., Vannier G., and Vernon P. 2003. Is body size an influential parameter in determining the duration of survival at low temperatures in Alphitobius diaperinus Panzer (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae)? Journal of Zoology, 259:381-388.

53- Renault D., Nedved O., Hervannty F., and Vernon P. 2004. The importance of fluctuating thermal regimes for repairing chill injuries in the tropical beetle Alphitobius diaperinus (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) during exposure to low temperature. Physiological Entomology, 29: 139-145.

54- Renault D., Salin C., Vannier G., and Vernon P. 2002. Survival at low temperatures in insects: what is the ecological significance of the supercooling point? Cryo-Lett 23: 217-228.

55- Rigaux M., Vernon P., and Hance T. 2000. Relationship between acclimation of Aphidius rhopalosiphi (De Stefani-Peres) in autumn and its cold tolerance (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Aphidiinae). Med. Fac. Landbouww. Univ. Gent. 65: 253-263.

56- Rivero A., and West S.A. 2002. The physiological costs of being small in a parasitic wasp. Evolutionary Ecology Research, 4: 407-420.

57- Roitberg B.D., Boivin G., and Vet L. 2001. Fitness, parasitoids, and biological control: An opinion. The Canadian Entomologist, 133: 429-438.

58- Rundle B.J., Thomson L.J., and Hoffmann A.A. 2004. Effects of cold storage on field and laboratory performance of Trichogramma carverae (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) and the response of three Trichogramma spp. (T. carverae, T. nr. brassicae, and T. funiculatum) to cold. Journal of Economic Entomology, 97: 213-221.

59- Scopes N.E.A., Biggerstaff S.M., and Goodall D. E. 1973. Cold storage of some parasites used for pest control in glasshouse. Plant Pathology, 22: 189-193.

60- Sehnal F. 1991. Effects of cold on morphogenesis. In: Lee RE Jr, Denlinger DL (eds) Insects at low temperature. Chapman and Hall, London and New York, pp 149-171.

61- Sequeira R., and Mackauer M. 1993. Seasonal variation in body size and offspring sex ratio in field populations of the parasitoid wasp, Aphidius ervi (Hymenoptera: Aphidiidae). Oikos, 68: 340-346.

62- Shalaby F.F., and Rabasse J.M. 1979. Effect of conservation of the aphid parasite Aphidius matricariae Hald. (Hymenoptera: Aphidiidae) on adult longevity, mortality and emergence. Annals of Agriculture Science, 2: 59-71.

63- Sigsgaard L. 2000. The temperature-dependent duration of development and parasitism of three cereal aphid parasitoids, Aphidius ervi, A. rhopalosiphi, and Praon volucre. Entomologica Expermentalis et Applicata, 95:173-184.

64- Singh R., and Srivastava M. 1988. Effect of cold storage of mummies of Aphis craccivora Koch subjected to different pre-storage temperature on percent emergence of Trioxys indicus Subba Rao and Sharma. Insect Science and its Application, 9: 655-657.

65- Stary P. 1970. Methods of mass rearing, collection and release of Aphidius smithi in Czechoslovakia. Acta Entomologica Bohemoslovaca, 67: 339-346.

66- Stary P. 1986. Creeping thistle, Cersium arvense, as a reservoir of aphid parasitoid (Aphidiidae) in agroecosystem. Acta Entomologica Bohemoslovaca, 97: 339-346.

67- Van Lenteren J.C. 2003. Need for quality control of mass-produced biological control agents. Quality control and production of biological control agents: Theory and Testing Procedures (ed. by J. C. van Lenteren), pp. 1-18. CABI Publishing, Wallingford, U.K.

68- Visser B., Le Lann C., Den Blanken F.J., Harvey J.A., Van Alphen J.J.M., and Ellers J. 2010. Loss of lipid synthesis as an evolutionary consequence of a parasitic lifestyle. Proceeding of the National Academy of Sciences, USA, 107: 8677-8682.

69- Volkl W. 1992. Aphids or their parasitoids: who actually benefits from ant attendance? Journal of Animal Ecology, 61: 273-281.

70- West A., Flanagan K.E., and Godfray H.C.J. 1996. The relationship between parasitoid size and fitness in the field, a study of Achrysocharoides zwoelferi (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae). Journal of Animal Ecology, 65: 631-639.