Ecophysiological Response of Lallemantia iberica L. to Exogenous Application of Osmotic Adjustments in Rainfed Production

بوم شناسی کشاورزی

Article 20, Volume 11, Issue 3 - Serial Number 41, September 2018, Pages 1105-1121   

Document Type: Scientific - Research

DOI: 10.22067/jag.v11i3.72715

Authors

Diba Sheykhi Sanandaji¹; Alireza Pirzad^{* 2}

¹Urmia University

²Department of Plant Production and Genetics, Urmia University, Iran.

Abstract

Introduction
Lallemantia as an annual plant, with scientific name Lallemantia iberica L. belonged to the Lamiaceae family. The seeds contain oil and mucilage, which are used in the textile and pharmaceutical industries. Lallemantia grows well in arid regions; therefore it can be used as an alternative of the common crops in these areas. The reason for the adaptation to drought is due to the existence of drought-tolerant genes. Crop yield and growth are affected by environmental factors such as water deficit stress due to abnormal processes of physiological processes under stress. Due to the fact that plants synthesize different osmotic compounds under stress conditions, they may respond to their exogenous application against stress conditions. The aim of this study was to evaluate the response of the yield and physiological characteristics of Lallemantia to the application of osmolytes under rainfed and one supplemental irrigation procedure.
Materials and Methods
This split-plot experiment was conducted at Research Farm of Urmia University (Latitude 45° 10' East, latitude 37° 44' North and altitude 1338 m above sea level) based on a randomized complete block design with three replications during the growing season of 2016-2017. Non-irrigation (rainfed) and one-time irrigation as the main plot, and the foliar application of Osmolytes (proline, glycine betaine, sucrose and distilled water as control) were considered as a sub-plot. The foliar application was performed twice at sunset time. Sampling was done for physiological traits at 80% flowering, and yield was measured at the end of the growing season. The measured traits included leaf Relative Water Content (RWC), chlorophyll index (SPAD), proline, total soluble carbohydrate, glycine betaine, nutrients, plant height, number of capsules per plant, seed number per capsule, 1000-seed weight, biological yield, oil percentage and yield, and mucilage percentage.
Results and Discussion
The results of analysis of variance showed that the irrigation effect on leaf relative water content, plant height, and oil percentage, and the effect of foliar application of osmolytes on the oil yield were significant at 1% probability level, but 1000-seed weight, seed mucilage percentage, and leaf nitrogen percentage was not affected by irrigation and osmolytes. The interaction between irrigation and osmolytes was significant on the chlorophyll, carotenoid, proline, glycine betaine, total soluble carbohydrates, number of capsules per plant, number of seeds per capsule at 1% probability level, and significant effect on the grain yield, biological yield, phosphorus and potassium at 5% probability level. In both rainfed and supplemental irrigation, the use of proline showed higher chlorophyll index. Proline in both rainfed and supplemental irrigation systems reduced the leaf proline to a minimum concentration. The use of glycine betaine reduced the amount of glycine betaine and total soluble carbohydrates in rainfed and irrigated plants. The highest grain yield (79.56 g.m-2 for rainfed and 85.94 g.m-2 for supplemental irrigation) and biological yield (250.25 g.m-2 for rainfed and 492.65 g.m-2 for supplemental irrigation) belonged to sucrose spraying. Maximum plant height (36 cm) was related to glycine betaine foliar spraying as well as the sucrose application of irrigated plants, while the shortest plant (33 cm) belonged to rainfed plants. Seed weight, as one of the important yield-related factors that currently represents the length and condition of the reproductive period. Though, foliar spray of proline and glycine betaine increased biological yield and grain yield in comparison with control treatment. Leaf potassium decreased in irrigated plants by foliar application of osmolytes, but this is was non-significant in rainfed cultivation. In spite of a little variation of leaf carotenoid in rainfed plants in response to osmolytes, it decreased significantly in supplemental irrigation by proline and glycyline betaine.
Conclusion
According to the results, exogenous application of osmolytes including proline, glycine betaine and sucrose, and or one-time supplemental irrigation, compensated the drought-induced yield loss due to prevent complete discharge of soil moisture. Therefore, the application of foliar spraying and supplemental irrigation is recommended as a viable and cost-effective broad-based solution to increase the yield and yield components of Lallemantia iberica.

Keywords

Supplemental irrigation; Proline; Oil; Glycine betaine; Mucilage

References

Al-Ramamneh, E.A.D.M. 2009. Plant growth strategies of Thymus vulgaris L. in response to population density. Industrial Crops and Products 30: 389-394.

Amanzadeh, Y., Khosravi Dehaghi, N., Gohari, A.R., Monsef-Esfehani, H.R., and Sadat Ebrahimi, G.R. 2011. Antioxidant activity of essential oil of Lallemantia iberica in flowering stage and post-flowering stage. Research Journal of Biological Sciences 6(3): 114-117.

Arazmjo, A., Heidari, M., and Ghorbani, A. 2010. The effect of water stress and three sources of fertilizers on flower yield, physiological parameters and nutrient uptake in chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla L.). Iranian Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants 4: 482-494. (In Persian with English Summary)

Ashraf, M., and Foolad, M.R. 2007. Improving plant abiotic-stress resistance by exogenous application of osmoprotectants glycinebetaine and proline. Environmental and Experimental Botany 59: 206-216.

Blum, A. 2011. Plant breeding for water-limited environments. Springer, New York, USA 255p.

Chapman, H.D., and Pratt, P.F. 1961. Methods of analysis for soils plants and waters. University of California, Division of Agricultural Science 309 p.

Devau, N., Cadre, Le, E., Hinsinger, P., Jaillard, B., and Gerard, F. 2009. Soil pH controls the environmental availability of phosphorus: Experimental and mechanistic modeling approaches. Applied Geochemistry 24(11): 2163-2174.

Erkossa, T., Stahr, K., and Tabor, G. 2002. Integration of organic and inorganic fertilizers.effect on vegetable productivity. Ethiopian Agricultural research Organization, Debre Zeit Agricultural Research Centre Ethiopia 82: 247-256.

Farahani, H.A., Valadabadi, S.A., Daneshian, J., and Khalvati, M.A. 2009. Evaluation changing of essential oil of balm Mellisa officinalis L. under water deficit stress condition. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3: 329-333.

Farooq, M., Wahid, A., Kobayashi N., Fujita, D., and Basra, S.M.A. 2009. Plant drought stress effevts mechanisms and management. Agronomy for Sustainable Development 29: 185-212.

Farzi, M., Alizadeh, K., and Arshad, M. 2016. Study on dragons head (Lallemantia iberica L.) landraces under supplementary irrigation and rainfed conditions. Journal of Crop Ecophysiology 10: 401-412. (In Persian with English Summary)

Gamal EL-Din, K.M., and Abd El-Wahed, M.S.A. 2005. Effect of some amino acids on growth and essential oil content of chamomile plant. International Journal of Agriculture and Biology 7(3): 376-380.

Ghasemian, V., Shafagh Kalvanagh, J., and Pirzad, A. 2017. Effect of fertilizer treatments and irrigation regimes on Lallemantia iberica seed mucilage yield and compounds. Journal of Agricultural Science and Sustainable Production 27(3): 17-31. (In Persian with English Summary)

Gholizadeh, A., Amin, M.S.M., Aunar, A.R., Esfahani. M., and Saberioon, M.M. 2010. The study on the effect of different levels of zeolite and water stress on growth, development and essential oil content of Moldavian balm Dracocephlum moldavica. American Journal of Applied Sciences 7(1): 33-37.

Ghorbani, A. 2004. Turkmen desert medicinal herbs. Publication of the Center for Traditional Medicine and Medical Regulation of Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. 100p. (In Persian)

Gorham, J., Jokinen, K., Malik, M.N.A., and Khan, I.A. 2000. Glycine betaine treatment improves cotton yields in field trials in Pakistan. Proceedings of the World Cotton Research Conference II, Athens, Greece p. 624-627.

Grieve, C.M., and Grattan, S.R. 1983. Rapid assay for determination of water soluble quaternary ammonium compounds. Plant and Soil 70: 303-307.

Habibi, D., Ardakani, M.R., Mahmoudi, A., and Asgharzadeh, A. 2010. Effects of super absorbent polymer and plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) on yield and oxidative damage of maize under drought stress. International Conference on Chemistry and Chemical Engineering 253-257 P.

Iririgoyen, J.J., Emerich, D.W., and Sanches, D.M. 1992. Water stress induced changes in concentrations of proline and total soluble sugares in modulated alfalfa (Medicago sativa) plants. Physiologia Plantarum 84: 55-60.

Jalilian, J., and Heydarzadeh, S. 2016. Effect of cover crops, organic and chemical fertilizer on the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of Safflower Carthamus tinctorius. Journal of Agricultural Science 25(4): 71-85. (In Persian with English Summary)

Kadkhodaee, A., and Ehsanzadeh, P. 2011. Grain yield, leaf chlorophyll, proline and soluble carbohydrates content of linseed (Linum usitatisimum L.) under different irrigation regimes. Iranian Journal of Field Crop Science 42: 125-131. (In Persian with English Summary)

Kafi, M., Borzoi, A., Salehi, M., Kamandi, A., Masumi, E., and Nabati, J.V. 2008. Physiology of Environmental Stresses in Plants. Jihad Publishing of Mashhad Press, Iran 502p. (In Persian)

Kalyanasundaram, N.K., Patel, P.B., and Dalal, K.C. 1982. Nitrogen need of Plantago ovata Forsk. In relation to the available nitrogen in soil. Indian Journal Agricultture Science 52(4): 240-242

Khalil, S.E., and El-Noemani, A.A. 2012. Effect of irrigation intervals and exogenous proline application in improving tolerance of garden cress plant Lepidium sativum L. to water stress. Journal of Applied Sciences Research 8(1): 157-167.

Koc, E., İslek, C., and Üstun, A.S. 2010. Effect of cold on protein, proline, phenolic compounds and chlorophyll content of two pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) varieties. Gazi University Journal of Science 23: 1-6.

Koocheki, A., Bakhshaei, S., Tabarraei, A. and Jafari, L. 2014. Effect of plantdensity and planting pattern on quantitative and qualitative characteristics of Balangu (Lallenamntia royleana Benth.). Journal of Agroecology 6(2): 229-237. (In Persian with English Summary)

Korkmaz, A., Sirikci, R., Kocacınar, F., Deger, O., and Demirkırıan, A.R. 2012. Alleviation of salt- induced adverse effects in pepper seedlings by seed application of glycinebetaine. Scientia Horticulturae 148: 197-205.

Makela, P., Peltonen-Sainio, P., Jokinen, K., Pehu, E., Setala, H., Hinkkanen, H., and Somersalo, S. 1996. Uptake and translocation of foliar applied glycinebetaine in crop plants. Plant Science 121: 221-230.

Marschner, H. 2002. Mineral Nutrition of Higher Plant. Elsevier Sci Ltd. Academic Press 899p.

Mashayekhi, K., and Atashi, S. 2012. Effect of spray and saccharose on some biochemical characteristics of strawberry plants of camarosa. Journal of Plant Production Research 19(4): 171-175. (In Persian with English Summary)

Martignone, R.A., and Nakamaya, Y.F. 1983. Foliar fertilization urea and sucrose on soybean. Phyton 43: 167-178.

Nori-Shargh, D., Kiaei, S.M., Deyhimi, F., Mozaffarian, V., and Yahyaei, H. 2009. The volatile constituents analysis of Lallemantia iberica (M.B). Fischer & Meyer from Iran. Natural Product Research 23: 546-548.

Norouzi Baroogh, A. 2009. Effects of proline and glycine betaine spraying on sunflower reaction to drought stress. MSc Thesis. Isfahan University of Technology. 120 pp.

Oweis, T., and Hachum, A. 2004. Water harvesting and supplemental irrigation for improved water productivity for dry farming systems in West Asia and North Africa. Agricultural Water Management 80(1-3): 57-73.

Paquin, R., and Lechasseur, P. 1997. Observationssur une method de dosage de la proline libra dans lrs extrain de plants. Canadian Journal of Botany 57: 1851-1854.

Pei, F., Li, X., Liu, X., and Lao, C. 2013. Assessing the impacts of droughts on net primary productivity in China. Journal of Environmental Management 114: 362-371.

Pirzad, A., Shakiba. M.R., Zehtab salamsi, S., and Mohamadi, A. 2010. Effects of water stress on some nutrients uptake in Matricaria chamomilla L. Agronomy Journal (Pajouhesh & Sazandegi) 104: 1-7. (In Persian with English Summary)

Rahimi, A., Mashayekhi, K., Hemati, K., and Dardipor, A. 2008. Effect of salicylic acid and food elements on seed yield and yield components of coriander. Journal of Plant Production Research 16(4): 149-156. (In Persian with English Summary)

Richards, R., Rebetzke, G.J., Condon, A.G., and van Herwaarden, A.F. 2002. Breeding opportunities for increasing the efficiency of water use and crop yield in temperate cereals. Crop Science 42: 111-121.

Rigoberto, R.S., Josue, K.S., Jorge Alberto, A.G., Carlos, T.L., Joaquýn, O.C., and Kelly, J.D. 2004. Biomass distribution, maturity acceleration and yield. Field Crops Research 85(2-3): 203-211.

Ritchie, S.W., and Nguyen, H.T. 1990. Leaf water content and gas exchange parameters of two wheat genotypes differing in drought resistance. Crop Science 30: 105-111.

Sane, F., and Pirzad, A. 2018. Optimal plant spacing of Lallemantia iberica under rainfed and supplementary irrigation. Iranian Journal of Field Crop Science In Press. (In Persian with English Summary)

Shubhra, K., Dayal, J., Goswami, C.L., and Munjal, R. 2004. Effects of water-deficit on oil of Calendula aerial parts. Biologia Plantarum 48(3): 445-448.

Soltani-Gard, F., Omidi, M.K., Habibi, H., Lebaschi, H., Hosseini, M., and Zarezade, H. 2010. The effect of different glycin betaine on morphological traits and yield of Matricaria chamomila L. under drought stress in Yazd area. Iranian Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants 27(2): 279-289. (In Persian with English Summary)

Strasil, Z., and Kas, M. 2005. The effect of nitrogen fertilization, sowing rates and weather conditions on yield components of Lallemantia iberica Fisch. et Mey. Scientia Agriculturae Bohemica 36(1): 15-20.

Tewari, T.N., and Singh, B.B. 1991. Stress studies in lentil (Lens esculenta Moench). II. Sodicity-induced changes in chlorophyll, nitrate, nitrite reductase, nucleic acids, proline, yield, and yield components in lentil. Plant and Soil 135: 225-250.

Yadollahi Dehcheshmeh, P., Bagheri, A.A., Amiri, A., and Esmailzadeh, S. 2014. Effects of drought and foliar application on yield and photosynthetic pigments sunflower. Journal of Crop Physiology 6(21): 73-83. (In Persian with English Summary)

Zlatanov, M., Antova, G., Angelova-Romova, M., Momchilova, S., Taneva, S., and Nikolova-Damyanova, B. 2012. Lipid structure of Lallemantia seed oil: A potential source of omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids for nutritional supplements. Journal of the American Oil Chemists Society 89(8): 1393-1401.