معیارهای محاسبه خسارت در حقوق ایران، انگلیس و اسناد بین‌المللی

دانشنامه حقوق اقتصادی

دوره 27، شماره 18، اسفند 1399، صفحه 325-385   

نوع مقاله: علمی پژوهشی

شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22067/lowecon.2021.67734.1000

نویسندگان

علی شهابی¹؛ سید حسین صفایی^{* 2}؛ بهروز اخلاقی³؛ منصور امینی⁴

¹دانشجوی دکتری حقوق خصوصی، دانشکده حقوق، الهیات و علوم سیاسی، واحد علوم و تحقیقات، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، تهران، ایران

²استاد گروه حقوق خصوصی، دانشکده حقوق و علوم سیاسی، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران

³دانشیار گروه حقوق، دانشکده حقوق و علوم سیاسی، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران

⁴دانشیار دانشکده حقوق، دانشگاه شهید بهشتی، تهران، ایران

چکیده

 تلقی حداقلی از نهاد خسارت معضلی اساسی در حقوق ایران و نظام مسئولیت قراردادی ما است که دائماً وسوسة یک پژوهش حقوقی در قیاس با سایر نظام‌های حقوقی و نیز تجربه­های مشترکی که در عرصة تجارت بین­الملل خلق شده را به جای می­گذارد. از این رهگذر، مرور معیارهای محاسبة خسارات و بازخوانی اندیشه­های ارائه­شده در دنیای مدرن (با نگاهی به مقتضیات اقتصادی در کشورهای درحال‌توسعه مانند ایران) ناگزیر می­نماید. بدین ترتیب، ضمن بررسی طرق ارزیابی خسارات ناشی از عدم انجام تعهد در نظام حقوقی انگلیس (در کنار تحلیل پژوهش‌های نوین در این حوزه) و نیز برخی از معتبرترین اسناد بین­المللی نظیر کنوانسیون بیع بین­المللی کالا، اصول قراردادهای تجاری بین­المللی، اصول اروپایی حقوق قراردادها و چارچوب ارجاع مشترک، سعی شده تا خوانشی از این معیارها ارائه شود که از تلقیات موجود در خصوص نهاد خسارت فراتر می­رود. با تحلیل آثار اقتصادی مبانی «اعاده»، «انتظار» و «اعتماد» و نیز نظریات مدرن­تری چون «قراردادهای ناقص» و «نقض کارآمد» (و نیز پژوهش‌های مبتنی بر تحلیل اقتصادی در اوایل قرن بیستم)، با توجه به مقتضیات بازار داخلی، به نظر می­رسد در کوتاه­مدت می­توان به مبنای قابل توجیهی چون «انتظار» توجه نشان داد.
 

کلیدواژه‌ها

نقض تعهد؛ ضمانت اجرا؛ خسارت؛ معیار محاسبه

مراجع

[1] Principles of International Commercial Contracts. (2015). Akhlaghi, Behrooz & Emam, Farhad (Translated by), Shahre Danesh Publication. (in Persian)

[2] Amid Zanjani, Abbas A. (2003). Stipulators of liability. Mizan Publication. (in Persian)

[3] Ansari, Mehdi. (2011). Theory of Efficient Breach in terms of Economic Analysis of Law’s School. Law Magazine. 41^st series 1^st vol. (in Persian)

[4] Avraham, Ronen & Liu, Zhiyong. (2006). Incomplete Contracts with Asymmetric Information: Exclusive Versus Optional Remedies. Oxford University Press on behalf of the American Law and Economics Association.

[5] Bag, Sugata. (2008). Incomplete Contracts, Self­Investments, Asymmetric Information, Breach of Contract and the Legal Remedies. Available at: https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1155987.

[6] Bahmani, Mohammad. (2007). Review of Specific Methods for Evaluating Damages with due regard to Articles 75 and 76 of United Nations Convention on International Sale of Goods. Free Legal Studies Magazine, 1^st series 1^st vol. (in Persian)

[7] Barnett, Randy E. (2010). The Oxford Introductions to U.S. Law: Contracts. Oxford University Press.

[8] Burrows, Andrew S. (2004). Remedies for Torts and Breach of Contract. 3^rd edition: Oxford University Press.

[9] Craswell, Richard. (2000). Against Fuller and Perdue. The University of Chicago Law Review, Vol. 67, No. 1.

[10] David, Rene & Zhoffre-Spinozi, Kamilla. (2016). Introduction to Comparative Law and Two Major Legal Systems in the World Today. Safai, Hoosein (Translated by), 11^th edition, Mizan Publication. (in Persian)

[11] Emmert, Frank. (2012). The Draft Common Frame of Reference (DCFR) - The Most Interesting Development in Contract Law Since the Code Civil and the BGB. Robert H. McKinney School of Law Legal Studies Research Paper (Electronic copy available at: ssrn.com).

[12] Friedman, Daniel. (2001). A Comment on Fuller and Perdue, the Reliance Interest in Contract Damages. Available at: https://doi.org/10.2202/1539-8323.1002.

[13] Fuller, L. L. & Perdue, W. R. (1936). The Reliance Interest in Contract Damages: 1. 46 Yale Law Journal.

[14] Ghassemi, Mohsen. (2005). Compensation of Damages for Breach of Contract under International Sale of Goods Convention and Iranian, French, Egyptian and Lebanese Legal Systems. Legal Magazine, no. 32. (in Persian)

[15] Giliker, Paula. (2013). The Draft Common Frame of Reference and European contract law: moving from the ‘academic’ to the ‘political’. Cambridge University Press.

[16] Gotanda, John Y. (2006). Damages in lieu of Performance because of Breach of Contract. Villanova University, School of Law, Public Law and Legal Theory Working Paper Series, No. 2006-8.

[17] Gotanda, John Y. (2007). Using the Unidroit Principles to Fill Gaps in the CISG. Villanova University Charles Widger Scholl of Law, Working Paper Series.

[18] Hazeri, Javad. (2013). Mitigation of Damages by the Aggrieved Party. 1^st edition, Javdaneh Publication. (in Persian)

[19] Hermann, Donald H. J. (1974). Review of “Economic Analysis of Law” By Richard A. Posner. Washington University Law Review, Volume 1974, Issue 2.

[20] Honnold, J. (1991). Uniform Law for International Sales under the 1980 United Nations Convention. Deventer - Boston: Kluwer Law and Taxation Publisher.

[21] Hosseini Maraghi, Mir Abdolfattah. (1996). Al Anavin Al Feqhia. Qom: Islamic Publications Office. (in Arabic)

[22] Hosseini Modarres, Mehdi & Golshani, Esmat. (2013). Remedy of Damages for Breach of Contractual Obligations in English Legal System and Brining the Matter Up in Iranian Legal System. Civil Law Science Magazine, 2^nd year no. 2. (in Persian)

[23] Iranian Jurisprudence regarding the Civil Chambers of the Supreme Court. (2009). Vol. 56, Jungle Publications. (in Persian)

[24] Judicial Jurisprudence in relation to Public Civil Courts. (2009). Vol. 25, Jungle Publication. (in Persian)

[25] Katouzian, Nasser. (1999). Civil Liability. vol. 1, Tehran University Publication. (in Persian)

[26] Katouzian, Nasser. (2008). General Principles of Contracts. Vol. 4, Sahamie Enteshar Company. (in Persian)

[27] Katouzian, Nasser. (2010). General Theory of Obligations. 5^th edition, Mizan Publication. (in Persian)

[28] Lando, O. & Beale, H. (2000). Principles of European Contract Law. Prepared by the Commission on European Contract Law, Parts I & II.

[29] Mazzacano, Peter. (2013). Damages Under the UN Sale of Goods Convention. Revue Canadienne De Droit International, Vol. 9. No. 2.

[30] Mohaghegh Damad, Seyed Mostafa, Qanavati, Jalil, Vahdati Shobairi, Hasan & Abdipour, Ebrahim. (2013). Contract Law in the Imamieh Jurisprudence. vol. 1, Samt Publications. (in Persian)

[31] Mohaghegh Damad, Seyed Mostafa. (2017). The Rules of Islamic Jurisprudence. vol. 2, Center for Publication of Islamic Sciences. (in Persian)

[32] Movahhed, Mohammad Ali. (2018). Summary of Civil Law. 4^th edition, Tehran: Karnameh Publication. (in Persian)

[33] Posner, Richard. (1998). Economic Analysis of Law. 5^th Edition, New York: Aspen Publishers.

[34] Rickett, C. (edited by). (2008). Justifying Private Law Remedies. Hart Publishing.

[35] Sadeghi, Mohsen. (2004). Means for Compensation of Damages due to Breach of Contractual Obligations under International Sale of Goods Convention. Legal Studies Magazine, no. 5. (in Persian)

[36] Safai, Seyed Hossein & Olfat, Nematollah. (2010). Specific Performance of Obligations and Precedence of which on Termination of Contract. Comparative Law Magazine, 5^th series (16) no. 2 (79). (in Persian)

[37] Safai, Seyed Hossein, Kazemi, Mahmoud, Adel, Morteza & Mirzanezhed, Akbar. (2011). International Sale Law. 3^rd edition, Tehran University Publication. (in Persian)

[38] Safai, Seyed Hossein & Rahimi, Habibollah. (2013). Civil Liability. 5^th edition, Samt Publication. (in Persian)

[39] Safai, Seyed Hossein. (2014). Accumulation of Termination and Damages under International Instruments and Iranian Laws. Commercial Law in Globalization Era (Articles in Appreciation of Dr. Behrooz Akhlaghi), Shahre Danesh Publication. (in Persian)

[40] Safai, Seyed Hossein. (2014). Preliminary Course of Civil Law. vol. 2, Mizan Publication. (in Persian)

[41] Safai, Seyed Hossein & Rahimi, Habibollah. (2018). Comparative Civil Liability. 1^st edition, Shahre Danesh Publication. (in Persian)

[42] Schlechtriem, P. (1998). Commentary on CISG. Translated by Geoffry Thomas: Oxford University Press.

[43] Shahabi, Ali. (2015). Partial Performance of Contractual Obligations, Comparative Study of Contractual Liability in the Iranian and English Legal Systems. Private Law Studies Magazine, 3^rd year no. 5. (in Persian).

[44] Shahidi, Mehdi. (2007). Effects of Contracts and Obligations. 3^rd edition, Majd Publication. (in Persian)

[45] Shavel, S. (2005). Specific Performance versus Damages for Breach of Contract. Harvard University, John M. Olin Center for Law, Economics and Business Discussion Paper No. 532.

[46] Shoarian, Ebrahim & Rahimi, Farshad. (2016). International Sale Law (Commentary on International Sale of Goods Convention in light of Doctrine and Judicial Jurisprudence). 2^nd edition, Shahre Danesh Publication. (in Persian)

[47] Treitel, G.H. (2011). The law of Contract. By Edwin Peel, London: Sweet & Maxwell.

[48] Trenor, John A. (Editor) (2016). The Guide to Damages in International Arbitration. (Global Arbitration Review). London: gar.

[49] Triantis, G. (2010). The Evolution of Contract Remedies. The University of Toronto Law Journal, Vol. 60, No. 2.

[50] Von Bar, C., Clive, E. & Others (Edited by). (2008). Principles, Definitions and Model Rules of European Private Law (Draft Common Frame of Reference). sellier. European Law Publishers GmbH.

[51] Zeller, B. (2009). Damages under the Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods. 2^nd Edition, New York: Oxford University Press.