Explaining the Model of Post-Disaster Temporary Accommodation Strategy (Case Study: Sarpol-e Zahab, Kermanshah)

Journal of Research and Rural Planning

مقاله 3، دوره 10، شماره 3 - شماره پیاپی 34، آبان 2021، صفحه 39-60   

نوع مقاله: Original Article

شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22067/JRRP.V10I3.88506

نویسندگان

Elnaz Asgari Namin¹؛ Ali Javan Forouzandeh^{* 1}؛ Maziyar Asefi²؛ Kazem Shakeri³

¹Ardabil Branch, Islamic Azad University

²Tabriz Islamic Art University

³University of Mohaghegh Ardabili

چکیده

Purpose- The study aims to identify the main problems of temporary accommodation strategies and to discuss some principles and guidelines in order to assist decision-makers for choosing the most suitable strategy and reach better temporary accommodation solutions.
Design/methodology/approach-The present research is of applied type and has been done by descriptive- analytical method. Documentary and library methods have been used to collect information. In this study, the main focus is on providing qualitative components of post-disaster accommodation in the form of a strategic model as a platform for decision makers in crisis situations.
Findings- This research presents a comprehensive strategy in temporary accommodation planning for decision makers by separating the two organizational and technical parts into three main parts (strategic, programmed and project level). To make the necessary decisions based on the personalization of the effective factors in each situation.
Research limitations/implications- At the time of the disaster, due to emergency, it is impossible to address all the parameters affecting the planning of temporary accommodation. In addition, each affected area has its own individual circumstances, which lead to the choice of its own strategy. It is essential to address the pre-disaster planning process and to have a model that can cover human error and consider the correspondence between the former and the new.
Practical implications- By applying a systematic strategy of temporary accommodation, in each area according to local data, while determining the stages of necessary activities in the time pre- disaster, disaster and post- disaster, can reduce the risks of crisis and increase resilience in the affected communities.
Originality/value- This article initiated an innovative systematic strategy of temporary accommodation which, be considered a series of actions as processes for fulfilling certain needs rather than as objects only such as tents or buildings.

کلیدواژه‌ها

Post disaster temporary accommodation؛ Temporary housing؛ displaced people؛ Resilience؛ Strategy

مراجع

1. Abulnour, A. H. (2014). The post-disaster temporary dwelling: Fundamentals of provision, design and construction. HBRC Journal, 10(1), 10–24. doi:10.1016/j.hbrcj.2013.06.001
2. Aquilino, M. J. (Ed.). (2011). Beyond shelter Architecture for Crisis. London: Thames & Hudson.
3. Arslan, H. (2007). Re-design, re-use and recycle of temporary houses. Building and Environment, 42, 400-406. doi:10.1016/j.buildenv.2005.07.032
4. Arslan, H., & Cosgun, N. (2008). Reuse and recycle potentials of the temporary houses after occupancy:Example of Duzce, Turkey. Building and Environment, 43, 702–709. Doi: 1016/j.buildenv. 2007.01.051
5. Asefi, M., & Farrokhi, Sh. (2017). Proposing a Model for the Design of Post-Disaster Temporary Housing Based on the Needs of the Injured with Post-Implementation Evaluation Approach (Case Study: Earthquake-Stricken Villages in Heris of East Azerbaijan). Journal of Research and Rural Planning. doi:22067/jrrp.v5i4.64121
6. Barakat, S. (2003). Housing reconstruction after conflict and disaster. London: Overseas Development Institute. Retrieved 11 19, 2014, from odihpn.org
7. Bedoya, F. G. (2004). Habitat transitorily Viviana para emergencies.
8. Biswas, A. (2019). Exploring Indian post-disaster temporary housing strategy through a comparative review. International Journal of Disaster Resilience in the Built Environment, 10(1), 14-35. doi: 1108/IJDRBE-09-2018-0037
9. Blaikie, P., Cannon, T., Davis, I., & Wisner, B. (2014). At risk: natural hazards, people's vulnerability and disasters.
10. Celik, E. (2017). A cause-and-effect relationship model for location of temporary shelters. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction. 2.257-268. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2017.02.020
11. Chandler, P. J., Reams, M., & Committee, C. (2007). Environmental factors influencing the sitting of temporary housing in Orleans Parish. LSU Master's Theses. 3888. https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/ gradschool_theses/3888
12. Chen, Z., Chen, X., Li, Q., & Chen, J. (2013). The temporal hierarchy of shelters: a hierarchical location model for earthquake-shelter planning. International Journal of Geographical Information Science, 27(8). 1612–1630, http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13658816.2013.763944
13. Chua, J., & Su, Y. (2012). The Application of TOPSIS Method in Selecting Fixed Seismic Shelter for Evacuation in Cities. Systems Engineering Procedia, 3, 391 – 397. doi:10.1016/j.sepro.2011.10.061
14. Collins, S., Corsellis, T., & Vitale, A. (2010). Transitional shelter: understanding shelter from the emergency through reconstruction and beyond. Retrieved 10 10, 2014, from www.alnap.org
15. Corsellis, T., & Vitale, A. (2011). Transitional settlement displaced populations. Cambridge: University of Cambridge. Retrieved from http://www.shelterproject.org
16. Cosgun, N., & Tas, M. (2007). A qualitative evaluation of the after earthquake permanent housings in Turkey in terms of user satisfaction Kocaeli, Gundogdu Permanent Housing model. Building and Environment, 42, 3418–3431
17. Da Silva, J. (2010). Key Considerations in Post-Disaster Reconstruction.
18. Davidson, C. H. (2009). The challenge of organizational design for manufactured construction. Construction Innovation, 9(1), 42-57. doi:1108/14714170910931534
19. Davidson, C. H., Johnson, C., Lizarralde, G., Dikmen, N., & Sliwinski, A. (2007). Truths and myths about community participation in post-disaster housing projects. Habitat International, 31(1), 100–115. doi: 1016/j.habitatint.2006.08.003
20. Davis, I. (1978). Shelter after disaster. Oxford: Oxford Polytechnic Press.
21. Davis, I., & Alexander, D. (2016). Recovery from Disaster, Rout ledge [22].Davis, I. IFRC. & OCHA. (2015). Shelter after Disaster, 2nd ed., Switzerland.
22. DFID, U. (2010). Shelter after disaster. Shelter Centre.
23. Shelter Centre (2012). Transitional shelter guidelines. sheltercentre.org/library.
24. Sener, S. M., & Altum, M. C. (2009). Design of a post disaster temporary shelter unit. A|Z ITU Journal of the Faculty of Architecture,6, 58–74. https://www.az.itu.edu.tr/azv6n2web/06seneraltun0602.pdf
25. Bologna, R. (2006). Strategic planning of emergency areas for transitional settlement. In 2006 international conference and student competition on post-disaster reconstruction “meeting stakeholder interests” Florence, Italy. May 17–19, 2006. http://www.grif.umontreal.ca/pages/BOLOGNA_Roberto.pdf
26. Shaw, R., Takeuchi, Y., Uy, N., & Sharma, A. (2008). Policy note: indigenous knowledge–disaster risk reduction. EU, UNISDR, Kyoto University and Seeds, Kyoto.
27. Garofalo, L., & Hill, D. (2008). Prefabricated recovery: post-disaster housing component production and delivery. Without a Hitch-New Directions in Prefabricated Architecture, 64-71.
28. El-Anwar, O., El-Rayes, K., & Elnashai, A. (2009a). Disasters, Optimizing Large-Scale Temporary Housing Arrangements after Natural. Computing in Civil Engineering, 23(2). 110-118. doi: 10.1061/(ASCE)0887-3801(2009)23:2(110))
29. El-Anwar, O., El-Rayes, K., & Elnashai, A. (2009b). An automated system for optimizing post-disaster temporary housing allocation. Computing in Civil Engineering, 23(2), 110-118. doi:10.1061/ (ASCE) 0887-3801(2009)23:2(110))
30. Félix, D., Branco, J. M., & Feio, A. (2013). Temporary housing after disasters: A state of the art survey. Habitat International, 136-141. doi:1016/j.habitatint.2013.03.006
31. Félix, D., Monteiro, D., Branco, J.M., Bologna, R., & Feio, A. (2015). The role of temporary accommodation buildings for post-disaster housing reconstruction. Journal of Housing and the Built Environment, 30 (4). 683-699. doi: 1007/s10901-014-9431-4
32. Gharaati, M., & Davidson, C. (2008). Who Knows Best? An Overview of Reconstruction after the Earthquake in Bam, Iran. Proceedings ofthe.
33. Hadafi, F., & Fallahi, A. (2010). Temporary Housing Respond to Disasters in Developing Countries- Case Study: Iran-Ardabil and Lorestan Province Earthquakes. World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology, 4(6), 1219-1225. Retrieved 12 1, 2014. from http://waset.org
34. Hall, A. D. (1962). A methodology for systems engineering. John Wiley & Sons.
35. Hidayat, B. a. (2010). A literature review of the role of project management in post-disaster reconstruction. Procs 26th Annual ARCOM Conference (pp. 1269-1278). Association of Researchers in Construction Management. Retrieved March 15, 2016. from http://usir.salford.ac.uk
36. Hosseini, S. A., de la Fuentea, A., & Pons, O. (2016a). Multi-criteria decision-making method for assessing the sustainability of post-disaster temporary housing unit’s technologies: A case study in Bam, 2003. Sustainable Cities and Society, 20, 38-51.
37. Hosseini, S. M. A., de la Fuentea, A., & Pons, O. (2016b). Multi- criteria Decision-Making Method for Sustainable Site Location of Post-Disaster Temporary Housing in Urban Areas. Construction Engineering and Management. doi: 1061/(ASCE)CO.1943-7862.0001137
38. IEES, International Institute of Earthquake Engineering and Seismology. (2017, November). Earthquake report, Sarpol-e Zahab Kermanshah Province, (fifth ed).
39. Johnson, C. (1995). Strategies for the reuse of temporary housing. Management, 4(3), 43-53.
40. Johnson, C. (2002). What’s the big deal about temporary housing? Planning considerations for temporary accommodation after disasters: Example of the 1999 Turkish earthquakes. In 2002 TIEMS disaster management conference. Bibliography 192
41. Johnson, C. (2007a). Impacts of prefabricated temporary housing after disasters: 1999 earthquakes in Turkey. Habitat International, 31(1), 36–52. doi:1016/j.habitatint.2006.03.002
42. Johnson, C. (2007b). Strategies for the reuse of temporary housing. Urban Trans Formation Conference, Holcim Forum for Sustainable Construction. Shanghai, China
43. Johnson, C. (2007c). Strategic planning for post-disaster temporary housing. Disasters, 31 (4), 435 - 458. doi:1111/j.0361-3666.2007.01018.x
44. Johnson, C. (2009). Planning for temporary. In C. J. Gonzalo Lizarralde, Rebuilding after disasters: from emergency to sustainability (pp. 70-87). Taylor & Francis.
45. Johnson, C., Lizarralde, G., & Davidson, C. H. (2006). A systems view of temporary housing projects in post-disaster reconstruction. Construction Management and Economics, 24(4), 367–378. doi:1080/01446190600567977
46. Kapucu, N., & Garayev, V. (2011). Collaborative decision-making in emergency and disaster management. International Journal of Public Administration, 34(6), 366-375. doi:10.1080/01900692.2011.561477
47. Kelly, C. (2010). Strategic site selection and management. San Francisco: World Wildlife Fund, American National Red Cross. Retrieved 9 12, 2014, from http://green-recovery.org
48. Kennedy, J., Ashmore, J., Babister, E., & Kelman, I. (2008). The Meaning of ‘Build Back Better’: Evidence from Post-Tsunami Aceh and Sri Lanka. Contingencies and Crisis Management, 16(1), 24–36. doi: 1111/j.1468-5973.2008.00529.x
49. Khazai, B., & Hausler, E. (2005). Intermediate Shelters in Bam and Permanent Shelter Reconstruction in Villages Following the 2003 Bam, Iran, Earthquake. Earthquake Spectra, 21(S1), 487–511. doi: 1193/1.2098907
50. Lindell, M. K., & Prater, C. S. (2003). Assessing community impacts of natural disasters. Natural hazards review, 4(176), 176-185. doi:1061/(ASCE)1527-6988(2003)4:4(176)
51. Lizarralde, G., & Davidson, C. (2006). Learning from the poor. I-Rec conference proceedings 2006: post-disaster reconstruction: Meeting the sta eholders’ interest.
52. Lizarralde, G., Johnson, C., & Davidson, C. (2009). Rebuilding after disasters: from emergency to sustainability. Taylor & Francis. Pdf
53. Lizarralde, G., & Massyn, M. (2008). Unexpected negative outcomes of community participation in low-cost housing projects in South Africa. Habitat international, 32(1), 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.habitatint.2007.06.003
54. Gulahane, K., & Gokhale, V. A. (2012). Design criteria for temporary shelters for disaster mitigation in India. In G. Lizarralde, R. Jigyasu, R. Vasavada, S. Havelka & J. Duyne Barenstein (Eds.), Participatory design and appropriate technology for disaster reconstruction. Conference proceedings. 2010 international i-Rec conference
55. Caia, G., Ventimiglia, F., & Maass, A. (2010). Container vs. dacha: The psychological effects of temporary housing characteristics on earthquake survivors. Journal of Environmental Psychology,30, 60–66. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2009.09.005
56. Kellett, P., & Moore, J. (2003). Routes to home: homelessness and home-making in contrasting societies. Habitat International, 27(1), 123-141. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0197-3975(02)00039-5
57. Allison, E. H., & Ellis, F. (2001). The livelihoods approach and management of small-scale fisheries. Marine policy, 25(5), 377-388. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0308-597X(01)00023-9
58. Twigg, J. (2006). Technology, post-disaster housing reconstruction and livelihood security. In B. H. Centre (Ed.), Disaster studies working paper no. 15.
59. Chang, Y., Wilkinson, S., Potangaroa, R., & Seville, E. (2010). Resourcing challenges for post-disaster housing reconstruction: a comparative analysis. Building Research & Information, 38(3), 247-264. https://doi.org/10.1080/09613211003693945
60. Nigg, J. M., Barnshaw, J., & Torres, M. R. (2006). Hurricane Katrina and the flooding of New Orleans: Emergent issues in sheltering and temporary housing. The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 604(1), 113-128.
61. El-Masri, S., & Kellett, P. (2001). Post-war reconstruction. Participatory approaches to rebuilding the damaged villages of Lebanon: a case study of al-Burjain. Habitat International, 25(4), 535-557. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0197-3975(01)00023-6
62. KelleTT, P., & Tipple, A. G. (2000). The home as workplace: a study of income-generating activities within the domestic setting. Environment and Urbanization, 12(1), 203-214. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F095624780001200115
63. Nojavan, M., & Omidvar, B. (2013). The Selection of Site for Temporary Sheltering using Fuzzy Algorithms;Case study: Tehran Metropolitan after earthquake,Municipal districts No 1. 31, 205-221. [In Persian] Retrieved 11 5, 2014, from http://www.sid.ir/fa/VEWSSID/J_pdf/28713923112.pdf
64. Omidvar, B., Baradaran-Shoraka, M., & Nojavan, M. (2013). Temporary site selection and decision-making methods: a case study of Tehran, Iran. Disasters, 37(3), 536−553. doi: 1111/disa.12007
65. Peacock, W. G., Dash, N., & Zhang, Y. (2007). Sheltering and Housing Recovery Following Disaster. In Handbook of disaster research (pp. 258-274). New York: Springer. doi:1007/978-0-387-32353-4_15
66. Pelling, M. (2012). The vulnerability of cities: natural disasters and social resilience.
67. Perrucci, D., Baroud, H. (2020). A Review of Temporary Housing Management Modeling: Trends in Design Strategies, Optimization Models, and Decision-Making Methods. Sustainability, 12, 10388. https://doi.org/10.3390/su122410388
68. Quarantelli, E. L. (1995). Patterns of shelter and housing in US disasters. Disaster Prevention and Management, 4, 43-53.
69. Sadiqi, Z., Coffey, V., & Trigunarsyah, B. (2012). Rebuilding Housing after a Disaster: Factors for Failure. International Institute for Infrastructure, Renewal and, (pp. 292-300).
70. Sliwinsky, A. (2007). Social dynamics in participatory reconstruction: an anthropological analysis from El Salvador., (pp. 225-234).
71. Soltani, A., Ardalan, A., Boloorani, A. D., Haghdoost, A., & Hosseinzadeh-Attar, M. J. (2014). Site Selection Criteria for Sheltering after Earthquakes: A Systematic Review. PLoS currents, 6. Retrieved4 1, 2015, from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
72. Sphere Association. (2018). The Sphere Handbook: Humanitarian Charter and Minimum Standards in Humanitarian Response, (4nd ed., pp. 237–287), Geneva, Switzerland. spherestandards. org/handbook
73. United Nations (UN). (2013). Housing. (United Nations Statistics Division) Retrieved from http://unstats.un.org
74. United Nations Disaster Relief Organization (UNDRO). (1982). Shelter after disaster: Guidelines for assistance. New York: UN.
75. Wagemann, E. (2017). Need for adaptation: transformation of temporary houses, Disasters, 41(4), 828-851. doi:10.1111/disa.12228
76. Wei, L., Li, W., Li, K., Liu, H., & Chenguse, a. L. (2012). Decision Support for Urban Shelter Locations Based on Covering Model. Procedia Engineering, 43, 59 – 64. doi:1016/j.proeng.2012.08.011
77. Yi, H., & Yang, J. (2014). Research trends of post disaster reconstruction: The past and the future. Habitat International, 42, 21-29. doi: 1016/j.habitatint.2013.10.005
78. Yu, H. & Bai, G. (2018). Research on Modularization and Sustainable Design of Temporary Housing. Art and Design Review, 06(03), 125-132. doi: 4236/adr.2018.63012.
79. Lizarralde, G., & Root, D. (2007, May). Ready-made shacks: Learning from the informal sector to meet housing needs in South Africa. In CIB world banking conference.
80. Askar, R., et al. (2019, February). From Temporary to Permanent; A Circular Approach for Post-disaster Housing Reconstruction. In IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science.