تحول در دیپلماسی اقتصادی برزیل و الزامات آن برای ایران

پژوهش نامه ایرانی سیاست بین الملل

دوره 13، شماره 1 - شماره پیاپی 25، دی 1403، صفحه 23-1   

نوع مقاله: مقاله پژوهشی

شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22067/irlip.2024.87216.1511

نویسندگان

روح اللّه اسلامی^{* 1}؛ حمید جابری²

¹دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد

²دانش آموخته کارشناسی ارشد روابط بین الملل دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران

چکیده

برزیل به عنوان کشوری که در دهه 1980 جزو بزرگترین بدهکاران دنیا محسوب می‌شد، از اواسط دهه 1990 با اصلاحات اقتصادی توانست مسیر پیشرفت و توسعه را با سرعتی کم نظیر بپیماید؛ اما دیپلماسی اقتصادی برزل در طی کمتر از یک دهه گذشته از سیاست های بسته عبور کرده و خواهان ادغام در نظم اقتصادی جهانی است. لذا پرسش مقاله حاضر این است که چگونه دیپلماسی اقتصادی برزیل از حمایتگرایی گذار و به سمت ادغام در اقتصاد جهانی حرکت کرده و ارتباط آن با ایران چیست. با به کار گیری نظریه وابستگی متقابل پیچیده در تحلیل دیپلماسی اقتصادی برزیل ، مشخص شد که این کشور ضمن کنار گذشتن سنت حمایتگرایی و گرایش به ادغام در ژئواکونومی جهانی، به تنوع سازی در شرکای خود در قالب توافقنامه‌های تجاری، کاهش اتکای صرف به مرکوسور، تقویت ورود سرمایه خارجی و حضور سرمایه‌گذارن برزیلی در خارج از مرزها، اتخاذ سیاست چندجانبه گرایی در قالب نهادهای بین المللی، کاهش نرخ تعرفه و موانع غیر تعرفه‌ای پرداخته است؛ لزوم انعقاد پیمان‌های تجارت ترجیحی و خصوصا آزاد میان ایران و برزیل، ایجاد ظرفیت صادراتی با توجه به مکمل بودن اقتصاد دو کشور و نیز عبور از چالش هایی از قبیل نرخ تعرفه و همکاری در جهت چندجانبه گرایی در قالب نهادهایی چون بریکس، مواردی هستند که به عنوان مسیر جهش و تقویت حوزه سیاستگذاری خارجی ایران در قبال برزیل را نشان می دهند.

کلیدواژه‌ها

تواقنامه تجاری؛ چندجانبه گرایی تجاری؛ دیپلماسی اقتصادی؛ سرمایه گذاری خارجی؛ مرکوسور

مراجع

 

Refrences

Aghaei, M. R. Qolizadeh, M. & Mohammad Rezaei, M. (2018). Investigating the impact of economic and trade sanctions on trade relations between Iran and major trade partners. Strategic studies of public policy. 8 (28), 68-49 [In Persian].

Australian Trade and Investment Commission (20 June 2022). Brazil reduces tariffs on over 6,000 goods. Retrieved from https://www.austrade.gov.au/en/news-and-analysis/analysis/brazil-reduces-tariffs-on-over-6000-goods

Ava Diplomatic (07 May 2023). “We are Always after Dialogue and Getting Consensus not Confrontation” Underlines Brazilian Ambassador to Iran. Retrieved from https://avadiplomatic.com/en/archive/16679 [In Persian].

Baker McKenzie Insight Plus (09 March 2023). Brazil: Foreign trade policy authorities restructured. Retrieved from https://insightplus.bakermckenzie.com/bm/international-commercial-trade/brazil-new-regulation-on-the-organizational-structure-of-foreign-trade-authorities-

Bigdali, M. Dehghani Firouzabadi, S. J. Barzegar, K. & Cheganizadeh, Q. (2023). The decline of the liberal international order from the perspective of the theoretical approaches of the school of liberalism. Political knowledge. 19(2), 349-374. [In Persian].

Buarque, D. (2024). Brazil's international status and recognition as an emerging power: inconsistencies and complexities. governance, development, and social inclusion in Latin America. Cham, Switzerland: Palgrave Macmillan.

Canning House (2023). What future for Mercosur?

Carnegie Endowment for International Peace (18 December 2023). Brazil in the Emerging World Order. Retrieved from https://carnegieendowment.org/research/2023/12/brazil-in-the-emerging-world-order?lang=en

Chatterjee, C. (2020). Economic diplomacy and foreign policy-making. Cham, Switzerland: Palgrave Macmillan.

Council on Foreign Relations (May 9, 2023). Mercosur: South America’s Fractious Trade Bloc. Retrieved from https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/mercosur-south-americas-fractious-trade-bloc

Crochet, V. (2022). Trade Defense Instruments: A New Tool for the European Union’s Extractivism. European Journal of International Law, 33(2), 381–410.

Dehghani Firouzabadi, S. J., Salimi, H. & Manadizadeh, M. H. (2019). Indo-US relations from the perspective of interdependence (1990-2015). Iranian Journal of International Politics, 7(2), 67-104. [In Persian].

Donyay-e Eqtesad (11 August, 2024). Negative balance of trade with the wall of Brazil. https://donya-e-eqtesad.com/fa/tiny/news-4091090 [In Persian].

Embassy of Brazil, Tehran. (2023). Guide on How to Export to Iran 2023.

Embassy of the Islamic Republic of Iran in Brazil (August 17, 2023). The ambassador says: Iran is expected to have better relations with Lola. Retrieved from https://brasilia.mfa.gov.ir/portal/newsview/701614 [In Persian].

Eqtesad 24 (24 September 2024). De-dollarization is an ideological plan that is facilitating rentierism/ Is Iran's sick economy de-dollarized?/ China and Russia are trying to remove the dollar from exchanges. https://eghtesaad24.ir/fa/news/257379/  [In Persian].

Estevão, M. Alcaraz, F. C. (2019). Brazil in the New World Economic Order. In A. Spilimbergo, K.  Srinivasan. Brazil: boom, bust, and the road to recovery. Washington, US: International Monetary Fund.

Farias, D. B. L. (2018). Aid and technical cooperation as a foreign policy tool for emerging donors: the case of Brazil. New York, US: Routledge.

Global Policy Watch (10 January 2024). Brazil Under Lula: The First Year. Retrieved from https://www.globalpolicywatch.com/2024/01/brazil-under-lula-the-first-year/

Grivoyannis, E. C. (2019). Global Implications of International Integration of the Brazilian Economy. In E. C. Grivoyannis, International integration of the Brazilian economy. New York, US: Palgrave Macmillan

Hamidi, H. (2019). Investigating the impact of foreign policy on the development process in India and Brazil from the 1990s onwards. (Master's Thesis), Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, retrieved from Ganj, Iran Scientific Information Database (Irandoc no. 7d475dd0fa409c094f0489b62cf80281). [In Persian].

Hassanvand, A. Hassanvand, D. & Nadami, Y. (2017). Sanctions on non-oil Iran. Strategic and macro policies. 6(24), 666-687. [In Persian].

Herculano, L. S. (2022). Trade Policy in Brazil: Causes and Consequences of Our Isolation. [Review of the book Política Comercial no Brasil: Causas e Consequências do Nosso Isolamento, by E. Ornelas, J. P. Pessoa, E. L. Ferraz]. Contexto Internacionalvol. 44(3).

Husar, J. (2016). Framing foreign policy in India, Brazil and South Africa: on the like-mindedness of the IBSA States. Switzerland: Springer.

International Trade Administration (04 December 2023). Brazil - Country Commercial Guide-Trade Barriers. Retrieved from

https://www.trade.gov/country commercial-guides/brazil-trade-barriers 

Karkhaneh, E., Pourrostami, N., & Feizollahi, A. (2022). Iran's Export Potential to Brazil (2001-2018): Based on Conventional Indicators and Gravity-VEC Approach. Iranian Economic Review, 26(3), 721-740.

Keohane, R. O., & Nye, J. S. (2011). Power and interdependence. Boston, US: Pearson.

Masir-e Eqtesad (3 August, 2024). Have the sanctions had an effect on the import of Iran's basic goods? https://masireqtesad.ir/187965/ [In Persian].

Modern Diplomacy (29 August 2024). Lula da Silva’s Foreign Policy Doctrine: Brazil’s Return to Multilateralism. Retrieved from https://moderndiplomacy.eu/2024/08/29/lula-da-silvas-foreign-policy-doctrine-brazils-return-to-multilateralism/

Mohammadi, S. & Salehi, M. (2022). Political Economy of China's New Silk Road and Iran's Interdependence. International Relations Studies Quarterly. 15(2), 175-196. [In Persian].

Mohseni, A. & Mazinani, H. (2021). Review of Brazilian economic development policies 1960-2021. Knowledge of political commentary. 3(9). 26-54

Moshirzadeh, H. (2017). Development in theories of international relations. Tehran, Iran: Samt. [In Persian].

Noormohammadi, M. Sharbati, V. Heydari, M. (2022). China's activism in ASEAN; Trying to maintain asymmetric economic dependence. Quarterly Journal of International Organizations, 13 (4), 659-680. [In Persian].

Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) (2021). Economic Policy Reforms 2021: Going for Growth- Brazil.

Oliviera, I. Veiga, P. D. M. Rios, S. P. Riberio, F. (2019). The Political Economy of Trade Policy in Brazil. Institute for Applied Economic Research (IPEA).

Salimi Fard, A. Yousefi, B. Shahabi, R. & Abdulkhani, L. (2022). Brazil's economic diplomacy and maintaining international peace and security. Iranian Journal of International Politics. 10(2), 131-157. [In Persian].

Schedelik, M. (2023). The political economy of upgrading regimes: brazil and beyond. Cham, Switzerland: Palgrave Macmillan.

Silva, B. D. S. (2018). The Evolution of Foreign Direct Investment in Brazil. In E. Amann. C. R. Azzoni, W. Baer. The Oxford handbook of the Brazilian economy. New York, US.: Oxford University Press

Tanious, M. E. (2019). The impact of economic interdependence on the probability of conflict between states: The case of “American–Chinese relationship on Taiwan since 1995”. Review of Economics and Political Science, 4(1), 38-53.

Vigevani, T. Ramanzini, J. (2022). The challenges for building regional integration in the global South: the case of brazilian foreign policy towards Mercosur. Switzerland: Springer.

World Trade Organization (WTO) (2022). Trade Policy Review: Brazil. WT/TPR/S/432

Zahluth Bastos, P. P. Hiratuka, C. (2020). The Foreign Economic Policy of Dilma Rousseff’s Government and the Limits of Dependency. Latin American perspectives. 47(2), 25-46.

Zibaei, M. (2019). Foreign policy: tools for Brazil's economic development. World Politics.7(4) 77-98. [In Persian].