[1] Arba, M., Cherif Benismail, M., and Mokhtari, M. The cactus pear (Opuntia spp.) in Morocco: Main species and cultivar characterization, Acta Hortic. 581, (2002), 103–109.
[2] Birkhoff, G., and Rota, G.C. Ordinary differential equations, 4th ed. New York: John Wiley & Sons; 1989.
[3] Bouharroud, R., Amarraque, A., and Qessaoui, R. First report of the opuntia cochineal scale Dactylopius opuntiae (Hemiptera: Dactylopiidae) in Morocco, Bulletin OEPP/EPPO Bulletin, 46(2), (2016), 308–310.
[4] Chávez-Moreno, C. K., Tecante, A., and Casas, A. The opuntia (Cactaceae) and dactylopius (Hemiptera: Dactylopiidae) in Mexico: A historical perspective of use, interaction and distribution, Biodivers. Conserv. 18, (2009) 3337–3355.
[5] De Jesus Mendez-Gallegos, S., Tiberi, R. and Panzavolta, T. Carmine cochineal dactylopius coccus Costa (Rhynchota: Dactylopiidae): Significance, production and use, Adv. Hortic. Sci. 17(3) (2023) 165–171.
[6] Fleming, W.H., and Rishel, R.W. Deterministic and stochastic optimal control, New York, NY, USA, Springer, 1975.
[7] Gumel, A. B., Patidar, K. C., and Spiteri, R. J. Asymptotically consistent non-standard finite-difference methods for solving mathematical models arising in population biology, R.E. Mickens, World Scientific, Singapore, 2005.
[8] Gumel, A.B., Shivakumar, P.N., and Sahai, B.M. A mathematical model for the dynamics of HIV-1 during the typical course of infection, Third World Congress of Nonlinear Analysts, 47, (2001) 2073–2083.
[9] Hattaf, K., Rachik, M., Saadi, S., Tabit, Y., and Yousfi, N. Optimal control of tuberculosis with exogenous reinfection, Appl. Math. Sci. 3(5), (2009) 231–240.
[10] J. Karrakchou, M., Rachik, and Gourari, S. Optimal control and infectiology: Application to an HIV/AIDS model, Appl. Math. Comput. 177, (2006) 807–818.
[11] Lukes, D.L. Differential Equations: Classical to Controlled, Academic Press, New York, 1982.
[12] Mora, M., Cortés, M., Sanhueza, C., and Sáenz, C. Innovation requirements for the development of cactus pear for export: A new item to be incorporated to the chilean fruit export sector, Acta Hortic. 995, (2013) 229–236.
[13] Pontryagin, L.S., Boltyanskii, V.G., Gamkrelidze, R.V., and Mishchenko, E.F. The mathematical theory of optimal processes, New York, NY, USA, Wiley, 1962.
[14] Ramadan, M.F., and Mörsel, J.T. Oil cactus pear (Opuntia ficus-indica L.), Food Chem. (2003) 339–345.
[15] Shetty, A.A., Rana, M.K., and Preetham, S.P. Cactus: A medicinal food, J. Food Sci. Technol. 49(5), (2012) 530–536.
[16]
https://www.agriculture.gov.ma/ar/actualites/ albhth-alzray-tqdm-ham-fy-mkafht-alhshrt-alqrmzyt-almdmrt-llsbar.
[17]
https://www.agriculture.gov.ma/ar/filieres-regions/ cactus-gon.