تأثیر پوشش‌های درختی و درختچه‌ای بر ویژگی‌های ‌خاک منطقه رودبار گیلان

آب و خاک

مقاله 5، دوره 39، شماره 2 - شماره پیاپی 100، خرداد و تیر 1404، صفحه 171-155   

نوع مقاله: مقالات پژوهشی

شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22067/jsw.2025.92519.1475

نویسندگان

یحیی کوچ^{* 1}؛ مهین فولادی دوقزلو¹؛ کتایون حق وردی²

¹گروه مرتعداری، دانشکده منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه تربیت مدرس، نور، ایران

²گروه علوم و صنایع چوب و کاغذ، واحد کرج، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، کرج، ایران

چکیده

پوشش‌های گیاهی به‌عنوان عوامل کلیدی در اکوسیستم‌ها، اثرات قابل توجهی بر ویژگی‌های خاک دارند. در همین راستا پژوهش حاضر با هدف بررسی ویژگی‌های مختلف لایه‌آلی و بخش معدنی خاک در اراضی دارای پوشش درختی با غالبیت اوری، پوشش درختچه‌ای ولیک، زرشک، آمیخته ولیک و زرشک در شهرستان رودبار استان گیلان انجام شد. بدین منظور در هر یک از رویشگاه‌های مورد مطالعه 10 نمونه لایه آلی (لاشه ریزه) و 10 نمونه خاک از عمق10-0 سانتی‌متری جهت تجزیه و تحلیل به آزمایشگاه انتقال داده شد. یک بخش از نمونه‌های خاک جهت انجام آزمایش‌های فیزیکی و شیمیایی، پس از هوا خشک شدن از الک 2 میلی‌متری عبور داده ‌شده و بخش دوم نمونه‌ها برای انجام آزمایش‌های زیستی تا زمان آزمایش در دمای 4 درجه سانتی‌گراد نگهداری شد. طبق نتایج پژوهش حاضر بیشترین مقادیر نیتروژن، فسفر، پتاسیم، کلسیم و منیزیم لایه آلی در پوشش درختی اوری و کمترین مقدار این ویژگی‌ها در پوشش درختچه‌ای زرشک مشاهده شد. همچنین بیشترین مقدار پایداری خاکدانه‌ها، خاکدانه درشت، بیشترین مقادیر pH و ویژگی‌های حاصل‌خیزی خاک در پوشش درختی اوری مشاهده شد. بیشترین و کمترین میزان معدنی شدن کربن و نیتروژن به ترتیب به پوشش درختی اوری و پوشش درختچه‌ای زرشک تعلق داشت. نتایج پژوهش حاضر نشان داد که حضور پوشش‌های درختی، اثرات مثبتی بر ویژگی‌های خاک دارد. این پوشش‌ها با بهبود ساختار فیزیکی، افزایش مواد آلی و فعالیت‌های میکروبی کیفیت خاک را به‌طور چشمگیری افزایش می‌دهند. در همین راستا پیشنهاد می‌شود برای احیاء اراضی تخریب یافته با شرایط اکولوژی مشابه از پوشش درختی (اوری) استفاده کرد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

حاصل‌خیزی خاک؛ فعالیت آنزیمی؛ معدنی‌شدن کربن و نیتروژن؛ ویژگی‌های فیزیکی و شیمیایی خاک

مراجع

1. Adl, S.M., Acosta-Mercado, D., Anderson, T.R., & Lynn, D.H. (2006). Protozoa, supplementary material. Soil Sampling and Methods of Analysis, 2(1), 455-470. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781420005271.ch36
2. Alef, K., & Nannipieri, P. (1995). Methods in applied soil microbiology and biochemistry (Issue 631.46 M592ma). Academic Press.
3. Allison, L.E. (1975). Organic carbon. In: Black CA. Methods of soil analysis. American Society of Agronomy, Part, 2.
4. Anderson, T.H., & Domsch, K.H. (1990). Application of eco-physiological quotients (qCO₂ and qD) on microbial biomasses from soils of different cropping histories. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 22(2), 251-255. https://doi.org/10.1016/0038-0717(90)90094-G
5. Babur, E., Uslu, Ö.S., Battaglia, M.L., Diatta, A., Fahad, S., Datta, R., & Danish, S. (2021). Studying soil erosion by evaluating changes in physico-chemical properties of soils under different land-use types. Journal of the Saudi Society of Agricultural Sciences, 20(3), 190-197.‏ https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jssas.2021.01.005
6. Bayranvand, M., & Kooch, Y. (2016). The effect of broad-leaved tree species on abundance and diversity of earthworms in the flat forest ecosystem. Journal of Soil Biology, 4(1), 15-26.‏
7. Bélanger, N., & Chaput-Richard, C. (2023). Experimental warming of typically acidic and nutrient-poor boreal soils does not affect leaf-litter decomposition of temperate deciduous tree species. Soil Systems, 7(1), 14. https://doi.org/10.3390/soilsystems7010014
8. Bhattacharyya, S.S., & Furtak, K. (2022). Soil–Plant–Microbe interactions determine soil biological fertility by altering rhizospheric nutrient cycling and biocrust formation. Sustainability, 15(1), 625. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15010625
9. Blake, G.R., & Hartge, K.H. (1986). Particle density. In: Klute, A. (Ed.), Methods of soil analysis. Part 1. Physical and mineralogical methods, 2nd ed. SSSA Book Ser. 5. ASA and SSSA, Madison, WI, 377–382. https://doi.org/10.2136/sssabookser5.1.2ed.c14
10. Bower, C.A., Reitemeier, R.F., & Fireman, M. (1952). Exchangeable cation analysis of saline and alkali soils. Soil Science, 73, 251-261. https://doi.org/10.1097/00010694-195204000-00001
11. Bremner, J.M., & Mulvaney, C.S. (1982). Nitrogen-total total. In ‘Methods of Soil Analyses. Part 2: Chemical and Microbiological Properties. American Society of Agronomy, Madison, 595-624. https://doi.org/10.2134/ agronmonogr9.2.2ed.c31
12. Brookes, P.C., Landman, A., Pruden, G., & Jenkinson, D.S. (1985). Chloroform fumigation and the release of soil nitrogen: a rapid direct extraction method to measure microbial biomass nitrogen in soil. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 17(6), 837–842. https://doi.org/10.1016/0038-0717(85)90144-0
13. Chapman, H.D., & Pratt, P.F. (1962). Methods of analysis for soils, plants and waters. Soil Science, 93(1), 68. https://doi.org/10.1097/00010694-196201000-00015
14. Coonan, E.C., Kirkby, C.A., Kirkegaard, J.A., Amidy, M.R., Strong, C.L., & Richardson, A.E. (2020). Microorganisms and nutrient stoichiometry as mediators of soil organic matter dynamics. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems, 117(3), 273-298. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10705-020-10076-8
15. Długosz, J., Dębska, B., & Piotrowska-Długosz, A. (2024). The effect of soil tillage systems on the soil microbial and enzymatic properties under soybean (Glycine max Merrill) cultivation—implications for sustainable soil management. Sustainability, 16(24), 11140. https://doi.org/10.3390/su162411140
16. Dolezal, J., Dvorsky, M., Kopecky, M., Liancourt, P., Hiiesalu, I., Macek, M., & Schweingruber, F. (2016). Vegetation dynamics at the upper elevational limit of vascular plants in Himalaya. Scientific Reports, 6(1), 24881.‏ https://doi.org/10.1038/srep24881.
17. Edmondson, J.L., Stott, I., Davies, Z.G., Gaston, K.J., & Leake, J.R. (2016). Soil surface temperatures reveal moderation of the urban heat island effect by trees and shrubs. Scientific Reports, 6(1), 33708. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep33708
18. Elliott, E.T., & Cambardella, C.A. (1991). Physical separation of soil organic matter. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 34(1-4), 407-419. https://doi.org/10.1016/0167-8809(91)90124-G
19. Eslaminejad, P., Heydari, M., Kakhki, F.V., Mirab-Balou, M., Omidipour, R., Muñoz-Rojas, M., & Lucas-Borja, M.E. (2020). Plant species and season influence soil physicochemical properties and microbial function in a semi-arid woodland ecosystem. Plant and Soil, 456, 43-59. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-020-04691-1.
20. Feng, Q., Yang, H., Liu, Y., Liu, Z., Xia, S., Wu, Z., & Zhang, Y. (2024). Interdisciplinary perspectives on forest ecosystems and climate interplay: a review. Environmental Reviews, 33, 1-21. https://doi.org/10.1139/er-2024-0010
21. Gerke, J. (2022). The central role of soil organic matter in soil fertility and carbon storage. Soil Systems, 6(2), 33.‏ https://doi.org/10.3390/soilsystems6020033
22. Gilhen-Baker, M., Roviello, V., Beresford-Kroeger, D., & Roviello, G.N. (2022). Old growth forests and large old trees as critical organisms connecting ecosystems and human health. A review. Environmental Chemistry Letters, 20(2), 1529-1538.‏ https://doi.org/10.1007/s10311-021-01372-y
23. Harman, G., Khadka, R., Doni, F., & Uphoff, N. (2021). Benefits to plant health and productivity from enhancing plant microbial symbionts. Frontiers in Plant Science, 11, 610065. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2020.610065
24. Jordan, D., Ponder, F., Jr., & Hubbard, V.C. (2003). Effects of soil compaction, forest leaf litter and nitrogen fertilizer on two oak species and microbial activity. Applied Soil Ecology, 23(1), 33–41. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0929-1393(03)00003-9
25. Kemper, W.D., & Rosenau, R.C. (1986). Aggregate stability and size distribution. Methods of Soil Analysis: Part 1 Physical and Mineralogical Methods, 5, 425–442. https://doi.org/10.2136/sssabookser5.1.2ed.c17
26. Kim, J.S. (2007). Litter decomposition and nitrogen release in three quercus species at temperate broad‐leaved forest. Forest Science and Technology, 3(2), 123-131.‏ https://doi.org/10.1080/21580103.2007.9656328
27. Kooch, Y., & Noghre, N. (2020). Nutrient cycling and soil-related processes under different land covers of semi-arid rangeland ecosystems in northern Iran. Catena, 193, 104621. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2020.104621
28. Kooch, Y., Heidari, F., Haghverdi, K., Gómez-Brandón, M., & Kartalaei, Z.M. (2024). The type of land cover and management affect differently soil functional indicators in a semi-arid ecosystem. Applied Soil Ecology, 202, 105553. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsoil.2024.105553
29. Kooch, Y., Samadzadeh, B., & Hosseini, S.M. (2017). The effects of broad-leaved tree species on litter quality and soil properties in a plain forest stand. Catena, 150(3), 223-229. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2016.11.023
30. Li, Z., Liang, D., Peng, Q., Cui, Z., Huang, J., & Lin, Z. (2017). Interaction between selenium and soil organic matter and its impact on soil selenium bioavailability: A review. Geoderma, 295, 69-79. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2017.02.019
31. Liu, D., Huang, Y., An, S., Sun, H., Bhople, P., & Chen, Z. (2018). Soil physicochemical and microbial characteristics of contrasting land-use types along soil depth gradients. Catena, 162, 345-353. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.catena.2017.10.028
32. Mendoza, O., De Neve, S., Deroo, H., Li, H., Françoys, A., & Sleutel, S. (2025). Soil organic carbon mineralization is controlled by the application dose of exogenous organic matter. Soil, 11(1), 105-119.‏ https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-11-105-2025
33. Mohamed, H. I., Sofy, M.R., Almoneafy, A.A., Abdelhamid, M.T., Basit, A., Sofy, A.R., & Abou-El-Enain, M.M. (2021). Role of microorganisms in managing soil fertility and plant nutrition in sustainable agriculture. Plant Growth-promoting Microbes for Sustainable Biotic and Abiotic Stress Management, 93-114.‏ https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-66587-6_4
34. Mohammad, A.G., & Adam, M.A. (2010). The impact of vegetative cover type on runoff and soil erosion under different land uses. Catena, 81(2), 97-103.‏ https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2010.01.008
35. Moscatelli, M.C., Marabottini, R., Massaccesi, L., & Marinari, S. (2022). Soil properties changes after seven years of ground mounted photovoltaic panels in Central Italy coastal area. Geoderma Regional, 29, e00500. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geodrs.2022.e00500
36. Neatrour, M.A., Jones, R.H., & Golladay, S.W. (2005). Correlations between soil nutrient availability and fine-root biomass at two spatial scales in forested wetlands with contrasting hydrological regimes. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 35(12), 2934–2941. https://doi.org/10.1139/x05-217
37. Nelson, D.W.A, & Sommers, L. (1983). Total carbon, organic carbon, and organic matter. Methods of Soil Analysis: Part 2 Chemical and Microbiological Properties, 9, 539–579. https://doi.org/10.2134/agronmonogr9.2.2ed.c29
38. Nilsson, M.-C., Wardle, D.A., & Dahlberg, A. (1999). Effects of plant litter species composition and diversity on the boreal forest plant-soil system. Oikos, 16–26. https://doi.org/10.2307/3546566
39. Osman, K.T., & Osman, K.T. (2013). Physical properties of forest soils. Forest Soils: Properties and Management, 19-44. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-02541-4_2
40. Poirier, V., Roumet, C., & Munson, A.D. (2018). The root of the matter: Linking root traits and soil organic matter stabilization processes. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 120, 246-259. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2018.02.016
41. Pourbabaei, H., Salehi, A., Ebrahimi, S.S., & Khodaparasrt, F. (2020). Variations of soil physicochemical properties and vegetation cover under different altitudinal gradient, western Hyrcanean forest, north of Iran.‏https://doi.org/10.17221/136/2019-JFS
42. Qu, L., Huang, Y., Ma, K., Zhang, Y., & Biere, A. (2016). Effects of plant cover on properties of rhizosphere and inter-plant soil in a semiarid valley, SW China. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 94, 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/ j.soilbio.2015.11.004
43. Robertson, G.P., Coleman, D.C., Sollins, P., & Bledsoe, C.S. (1999). Standard soil methods for long-term ecological research (Vol. 2). Oxford University Press on Demand. https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195120837. 001.0001
44. Sardans, J., & Peñuelas, J. (2021). Potassium control of plant functions: Ecological and agricultural implications. Plants, 10(2), 419. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10020419
45. Seddighi Chafjiri, A.N., Hasan Zad Navroudi, I., Taheri Abkenar, K., & Pourbabaei, H. (2021). Effect of protection on quantity and quality characteristics of Persian oak (Quercus macranthera A. Mey) in Roudbar forests of Guilan province. Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 22(11), 263-275.
46. Sharma, M., Setia, R., Rishi, M., Kumar, V., Singh, R., & Pateriya, B. (2025). Short-term carbon mineralization from soils under different land uses in northwest India. Soil Advances, 3, 100038.‏ https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.soilad.2025.100038
47. Singh, J.S., Singh, D.P., & Kashyap, A.K. (2009). A comparative account of the microbial biomass-N and N-mineralization of soils under natural forest, grassland and crop field from dry tropical region, India. Plant Soil Environ, 55(6), 223-230. https://doi.org/10.17221/1021-PSE
48. Six, J., Callewaert, P., Lenders, S., De Gryze, S., Morris, S.J., Gregorich, E.G., Paul, E.A., & Paustian, K. (2002). Measuring and understanding carbon storage in afforested soils by physical fractionation. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 66(6), 1981-1987. https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj2002.1981
49. Tavakoli, M., Kooch, Y., & Akbarinia, M. (2018). Frequency and diversity of worms in topsoil of degraded and reclaimed forest habitats of the Caspian region. Iranian Journal of Forest, 10(3), 293–306. (In Persian)
50. Timmis, K., & Ramos, J.L. (2021). The soil crisis: the need to treat as a global health problem and the pivotal role of microbes in prophylaxis and therapy. Microbial Biotechnology, 14(3), 769-797. https://doi.org/10.1111/1751-7915.13771
51. Toca, L., Morrison, K., Artz, R., Gimona, A., & Quaife, T. (2022). High resolution C-band SAR backscatter response to peatland water table depth and soil moisture: a laboratory experiment. International Journal of Remote Sensing, 43(14), 5231-5251. https://doi.org/10.1080/01431161.2022.2131478
52. Tufa, M., Melese, A., & Tena, W. (2019). Effects of land use types on selected soil physical and chemical properties: The case of Kuyu District, Ethiopia. Eurasian Journal of Soil Science, 8(2), 94-109.‏ https://doi.org/10.18393/ejss.510744
53. Ulusu, F., & Darıcı, C. (2023). The influence of tannins purified from Eastern Mediterranean Region plants (Pinus brutia and Quercus coccifera L.) on carbon mineralization: Antimicrobial and antimutagenic evaluation. Anatolian Journal of Botany, 7(1), 60-69. https://doi.org/10.30616/ajb.1259084
54. Wang, Q., & Wang, S. (2006). Microbial biomass in subtropical forest soils: effect of conversion of natural secondary broad-leaved forest to Cunninghamia lanceolata Journal of Forestry Research, 17(3), 197–200. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11676-006-0046-9
55. Wang, W., Jia, T., Qi, T., Li, S., Degen, A.A., Han, J., & Shang, Z. (2022). Root exudates enhanced rhizobacteria complexity and microbial carbon metabolism of toxic plants. Iscience, 25(10).‏ https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isci. 2022.105243
56. Wollum, A.G. (1982). Cultural methods for soil microorganisms. Methods of Soil Analysis: part 2 Chemical and Microbiological Properties, 9, 781-802. https://doi.org/10.2134/agronmonogr9.2.2ed.c37
57. Xiang, T., Qiang, F., Liu, G., Liu, C., Liu, Y., Ai, N., & Ma, H. (2023). Soil quality evaluation of typical vegetation and their response to precipitation in Loess Hilly and Gully Areas. Forests, 14(9), 1909.‏ https://doi.org/ 10.3390/f14091909.
58. Yengwe, J., Gebremikael, M.T., Buchan, D., Lungu, O., & De Neve, S. (2018). Effects of Faidherbia albida canopy and leaf litter on soil microbial communities and nitrogen mineralization in selected Zambian soils. Agroforestry Systems, 92, 349-363. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10457-016-0063-4
59. Zancan, S., Trevisan, R., & Paoletti, M.G. (2006). Soil algae composition under different agro-ecosystems in North-Eastern Italy. Agric Ecosyst Environ, 112(1), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2005.06.018
60. Zhao, S., & Riaz, M. (2024). Plant–soil interactions and nutrient cycling dynamics in tropical rainforests. In Environment, Climate, Plant and Vegetation Growth, 229-264. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-69417-2_8
61. Zhou, P., Luukkanen, O., Tokola, T., & Nieminen, J. (2008). Effect of vegetation cover on soil erosion in a mountainous watershed. Catena, 75(3), 319-325.‏ https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2008.07.010