انتشار و سرنوشت میکروپلاستیک‌ها در آب‌های زیرزمینی و رویکردهای نانوفناوری برای کنترل و پاکسازی منابع آلودگی

فصلنامه آب و توسعه پایدار

مقاله 5، دوره 12، شماره 1 - شماره پیاپی 35، خرداد 1404، صفحه 26-45   

نوع مقاله: مروری

شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22067/jwsd.v12i1.2410-1370

نویسندگان

زینب سلحشور¹؛ ملیحه مدنیان²؛ احسان شکری^{* 1}

¹بخش تحقیقات نانوتکنولوژی، پژوهشگاه بیوتکنولوژی کشاورزی ایران، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، کرج، ایران

²بخش تحقیقات خاک و آب، مرکز تحقیقات و آموزش کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی اصفهان، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، اصفهان، ایران

چکیده

امروزه میکروپلاستیک‌ها به عنوان یک آلاینده نوظهور، به دلیل پایداری بالا در محیط‏زیست و سمیت ذاتی موضوعی مهم و نگران ‌کننده در سطح جهانی به ویژه در خاک و آب‌های زیرزمینی محسوب می‌شوند. میکروپلاستیک‌ها می‌توانند به راحتی توسط موجودات زنده بلعیده و با تجمع زیستی باعث آسیب حاد، مزمن، سرطان‌زایی، مشکلات رشدی و ژنوتوکسیک شوند. پایداری و دوز بیولوژیکی میکروپلاستیک‌ها عوامل مهمی هستند که در ایجاد سمیت و میزان خطرآفرینی آنها نقش مهمی دارند. میکروپلاستیک‌ها از منابع مختلفی از جمله جو، برهمکنش با بدنه‌های آب سطحی، زیرساخت‌های شهری یا خاک‌های کشاورزی وارد محیط خاک و آب‌های زیرزمینی می‌شوند. بررسی منابع نشان می‌دهد که فرآیند‌های انتقال مکانیکی، فیزیکی، شیمیایی و بیولوژیکی می‌توانند بر پویایی و رفتار انتقال میکروپلاستیک‌ها در محیط خاک و آب زیرزمینی اثر گذارند. میکروپلاستیک‌ها به دلیل ماهیت آبگریزی، ظرفیت جذب و مساحت بالا، جاذب و فعال ‌کننده سایر آلاینده‌ها می‌باشند و منجر به گسترش آلودگی می‌شوند. بنابراین بازسازی منابع آلوده شده برای حفاظت از سلامت اکوسیستم و انسان با مواد و فناوری‌های نوآورانه لازم و ضروری است. نانوفناوری به عنوان یک رویکرد همه جانبه در سه حیطه جذب، فرآیند غشایی و تخریب فتوکاتالیستی میکروپلاستیک‌ها نقش مؤثری دارد. علاوه بر احیای محیط‌های آلوده، رویکرد پایدار برای کاهش، استفاده مجدد و بازیافت زباله‌های پلاستیکی لازم می‌باشد. استراتژی‌های مدیریت آلودگی میکروپلاستیک در آب‌های زیرزمینی نیازمند یک رویکرد کل‏نگر است که شامل قانون‏گذاری، مشارکت ذی‏نفعان، تحقیقات و آگاهی بخشی در کشورهای توسعه یافته و در حال توسعه با تأکید بر کاهش میکروپلاستیک در منبع، بهبود مدیریت زباله و ترویج استفاده مسئولانه از پلاستیک است.

کلیدواژه‌ها

میکروپلاستیک؛ سرنوشت؛ آب زیرزمینی؛ تصفیه؛ نانوفناوری

مراجع

سالاری درگی، مرجان، و خراسانی، محمد باقر. (1401). بررسی میکروپلاستیک‌‏ها به عنوان آلاینده نوظهور در منابع و اثرات بهداشتی بر روی انسان، مطالعه موردی. پژوهش و فناوری محیط‏زیست، 7(11)، 13-26. https://dorl.net/dor/20.1001.1.26763060.1401.7.11.2.2

شعبانلو، حامد، صفاری بیدهندی، سارا، علی‌بیگی، طیبه، و مؤمنی، فردوس. (1401). آلودگی و مخاطرات زیست محیطی میکروپلاستیک و راهکارهای کاهش آن در اکوسیستم‏های آبی. مجله ترویجی آبزیان دریای خزر، 7(2)، 27-36. https://fcsj.areeo.ac.ir/article_130156.html

مهاجری، لیلا، شایسته، علی اکبر، زاهد، محمدعلی، و پاکروان، مرتضی. (1400). اثر و سرنوشت ریزپلاستیک‌ها در زیست بوم دریا. اقیانوس‌شناسی، 12(48)، 53-65. http://joc.inio.ac.ir/article-1-1594-fa.html

Alimi, O. S., Farner Budarz, J., Hernandez, L. M., & Tufenkji, N. (2018). Microplastics and nanoplastics in aquatic environments: aggregation, deposition, and enhanced contaminant transport. Environmental Science and Technology, 52, 1704–1724. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.7b05559

All´e, P. H., Garcia-Mu˜noz, P., Adouby, K., Keller, N., & Robert, D. (2021). Efficient photocatalytic mineralization of polymethylmethacrylate and polystyrene nanoplastics by TiO₂/β-SiC alveolar foams. Environmental Chemistry Letters, 19, 1803–1808. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10311-020-01099-2

 

Arenas, L. R., Gentile, S. R., Zimmermann, S., & Stoll, S. (2021). Nanoplastics adsorption and removal efficiency by granular activated carbon used in drinking water treatment process. Science of the Total Environment, 791,148175. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148175

Ariza-Tarazona, M. C., Villarreal-Chiu, J. F., Barbieri, V., Siligardi, C., & Cedillo-Gonz´alez, E. I. (2019). New strategy for microplastic degradation: green photocatalysis using a protein-based porous N-TiO₂ semiconductor. Ceramics Internationals, 45, 9618–9624. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2018.10.208

Bao, K., Jiang, H., Su, P., Lu, P., & Yan, Z. (2023). Vertical profiles of microplastics in the hyporheic zone sediment: a case study in the Yangtze River. Nanjing Section. Sustainability, 15 (10), 7895. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15107895

Barchiesi, M., Chiavola, A., Di Marcantonio, C., & Boni, M. R. (2020). Presence and fate of microplastics in the water sources: focus on the role of wastewater and drinking water treatment plants. Journal of Water Process Engineering, 40, 101787. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jwpe.2020.101787

Bridson, J. H., Gaugler, E. C., Smith, D. A., Northcott, G. L., & Gaw, S. (2021). Leaching and extraction of additives from plastic pollution to inform environmental risk: a multidisciplinary review of analytical approaches. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 414, 125571. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.125571

Calero, M., Godoy, V., Quesada, L., & Martín-Lara, M. Á. (2021). Green strategies for microplastics reduction. Current Opinion in Green and Sustainable Chemistry, 28, 100442. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cogsc.2020.100442

Cheriyamundath, S., & Sirisha, V. L. (2021). Nanotechnology-based wastewater treatment. Water and Environment Journal, 35 (1), 123-132. https://doi.org/10.1111/wej.12610

Chia, R. W., Lee, J.-Y., Kim, H., & Jang, J. (2021). Microplastic pollution in soil and groundwater: a review. Environmental Chemistry Letters, 19 (6), 4211-4224.  https://doi.org/10.1007/s10311-021-01297-6

Cohen, N., & Radian, A. (2022). Microplastic textile fibers accumulate in sand and are potential sources of micro (nano) plastic pollution. Environmental Science of Technology, 56 (24), 17635–17642. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.2c05026

Connon, R., Dewhurst, R. E., Crane, M., & Callaghan, A. (2003). Haem peroxidase activity in Daphnia magna: a biomarker for sub-lethal toxicity assessments of kerosene-contaminated groundwater. Ecotoxicology, 12, 387–395. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1026195621777

Dalmau-Soler, J., Ballesteros-Cano, R., aR Boleda, M., Paraira, M., Ferrer, N., & Lacorte, S. (2021). Microplastics from headwaters to tap water: occurrence and removal in a drinking water treatment plant in Barcelona Metropolitan area (Catalonia, NE Spain). Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 28, 59462–59472. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-13220-1

Das, J., Yadav, E., & Poluri, K. M. (2024). A Review on the Role of Nanotechnological Interventions in Sequestration, Mitigation and Value-added Product Conversion of Micro/Nano Plastics. Environmental Science: Nano, 12, 189-218. https://doi.org/10.1039/D4EN00267A

Diggle, A., & Walker, T. R. (2020). Implementation of harmonized Extended Producer Responsibility strategies to incentivize recovery of single-use plastic packaging waste in Canada. Waste Management, 110, 20-23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2020.05.013

Ding, R., Dong, Y., Ouyang, Z., Zuo, X., Zhang, Y., & Guo, X. (2023). Reducing uncertainty and confronting ignorance about the potential impacts of microplastic on animals: A critical review. TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry,171, 117484. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trac.2023.117484

Domínguez-Jaimes, L. P., Cedillo-Gonz´alez, E. I., Lu´evano-Hip´olito, E., Acu˜na-Bedoya, J. D., & Hern´andez-L´opez, J. M. (2021). Degradation of primary nanoplastics by photocatalysis using different anodized TiO₂ structures. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 413, 125254. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.125452

Dong, S., Yu, Z., Huang, J., & Gao, B. (2022). Fate and transport of microplastics in soils and groundwater. In Emerging Contaminants in Soil and Groundwater Systems, Chapter 9 (pp. 301-329). Elsevier Inc. Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-824088-5.00001-X

Esfandiari, A., Abbasi, S., Peely, A. B., Mowla, D., Ghanbarian, M. A., Oleszczuk, P., & Turner, A. (2022). Distribution and transport of microplastics in groundwater (Shiraz aquifer, southwest Iran). Water research, 220, 118622. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2022.118622

Fahrenfeld, N., Arbuckle-Keil, G., Beni, N. N., & Bartelt-Hunt, S. L. (2019). Source tracking microplastics in the freshwater environment. TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry, 112, 248-254. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trac.2018.11.030

Fryczkowska, B., & Przywara, L. (2021). Removal of microplastics from industrial wastewater utilizing an ultrafiltration composite membrane rGO/PAN application, desalination. Water treatment, 214, 252–262. https://doi.org/10.5004/dwt.2021.26665

Fu, D., Chen, C. M., Qi, H., Fan, Z., Wang, Z., Peng, L., & Li, B. (2020). Occurrences and distribution of microplastic pollution and the control measures in China. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 153, 110963. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2020.110963

Geyer, R., Jambeck, J. R., & Law, K. L. (2017). Production, use, and fate of all plastics ever made. Science Advances, 3(7), 2375-2548. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.1700782

Gnanasekaran, G., Arthanareeswaran, G., & Sun Mok, Y. (2021). A high-flux metal-organic framework membrane (PSF/MIL-100 (Fe)) for the removal of microplastics adsorbing dye contaminants from textile wastewater. Separation and Purification Technology, 277, 119655. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2021.119655

Grbic, J., Nguyen, B., Guo, E., You, J. B., Sinton, D., & Rochman, C. M. (2019). Magnetic extraction of microplastics from environmental samples. Environmental Science & Technology Letters, 6 68–72. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.estlett.8b00671

Gui, X., Ren, Z., Xu, X., Chen, X., Chen, M., Wei, Y., Zhao, L., Qiu, H., Gao, B., & Cao, X. (2022). Dispersion and transport of microplastics in three water-saturated coastal soils. Journal of Hazardous Matereials, 424, 127614. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.127614

Guo, J.-J., Huang, X.-P., Xiang, L., Wang, Y.-Z., Li, Y.-W., Li, H., Cai, Q.-Y., Mo, C.-H., & Wong, M.-H. (2020). Source, migration and toxicology of microplastics in soil. Environment international, 137, 105263. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2019.105263

Hanif, M. A., Ibrahim, N., Dahalan, F. A., Ali, U. F. M., Hasan, M., & Jalil, A. A. (2022). Microplastics and nanoplastics: recent literature studies and patents on their removal from aqueous environment. Science of the Total Environment, 810, 152115. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.152115

Huang, D., Wang, X., Yin, L., Chen, S., Tao, J., Zhou, W., Chen, H., Zhang, G., & Xiao, R. (2022). Research progress of microplastics in soil-plant system: ecological effects and potential risks. Science of the Total Environment, 812, 151487. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.151487

Huang, J., Chen, H., Zheng, Y., Yang, Y., Zhang, Y., & Gao, B. (2021). Microplastic pollution in soils and groundwater: Characteristics, analytical methods and impacts. Chemical Engineering Journal, 425, 131870. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2021.131870

Huffer, T., Praetorius, A., Wagner, S., Von der Kammer, F., & Hofmann, T. (2017). Microplastic exposure assessment in aquatic environments: learning from similarities. Environmental Science and Technollogy, 51, 2499–2507. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.6b04054

Igalavithana, A. D., Mahagamage, M. G. Y., Gajanayake, P., Abeynayaka, A., Gamaralalage, P. J. D., Ohgaki, M., Takenaka, M., Fukai, T., & Itsubo, N. (2022). Microplastics and potentially toxic elements: potential human exposure pathways through agricultural lands and policy based countermeasures. Microplastics, 1(1), 102-120.  https://doi.org/10.3390/microplastics1010007

Islam, M. S., Lee, Z., Shaleh, A., & Soo, H. S. (2024). The United Nations Environment Assembly resolution to end plastic pollution: Challenges to effective policy interventions. Environment, Development and Sustainability, 26(5), 10927-10944. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-023-03639-6

Kang, J., Zhou, L., Duan, X., Sun, H., Ao, Z., & Wang, S. (2019). Degradation of cosmetic microplastics via functionalized carbon nanosprings. Matter, 1, 745–758.

Kida, M., & Koszelnik, P. (2021). Investigation of the presence and possible migration from microplastics of phthalic acid esters and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Journal of Polymers and the Environment, 29(2), 599-611. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10924-020-01899-1

Klein, M., & Fischer, E. K. (2019). Microplastic abundance in atmospheric deposition within the metropolitan area of Hamburg, Germany. Science of The Total Environment 685, 96–103. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.05.405

Kreyling, W. G., Semmler-Behnke, M., Seitz, J., Scymczak, W., Wenk, A., Mayer, P., Takenaka, S., & Oberdörster, G. (2009). Size dependence of the translocation of inhaled iridium and carbon nanoparticle aggregates from the lung of rats to the blood and secondary target organs. Inhalation toxicology, 21(sup1), 55-60. https://doi.org/10.1080/08958370902942517

Kumar, R., Sharma, P., Manna, C., & Jain, M. (2021). Abundance, interaction, ingestion, ecological concerns, and mitigation policies of microplastic pollution in riverine ecosystem: a review. Sci. Total Environ., 782, 146695. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146695

Larue, C., Sarret, G., Castillo-Michel, H., & PradasdelReal, A. E. (2021). A critical review on the impacts of nanoplastics and microplastics on aquatic and terrestrial photosynthetic organisms. Small 17 (20), 2005834. https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.202005834

Laxman, K., AlRashdi, M., AlSabahi, J., AlAbri, M., & Dutta, J. (2017). Supported versus colloidal zinc oxide for advanced oxidation processes. Applied Surface Science, 411, 285–290. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2017.03.139

Li, M., Zhang, M., Rong, H., Zhang, H., L., Han, P., & Tong, M. (2021a). Transport and deposition of plastic particles in porous media during seawater intrusion and groundwater-seawater displacement processes. Science of the Total Environment, 781, 146752. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146752

Li, J., Wang, B., Chen, Z., Ma, B., & Chen, J. P. (2021b). Ultrafiltration membrane fouling by microplastics with raw water: behaviors and alleviation methods. Chemical Engineering Journal, 410, 128174. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2020.128174

Li, W., Zu, B., Yang, Q., Guo, J., & Li, J. (2023). Sources, distribution, and environmental effects of microplastics: a systematic review. RSC Advances, 13 (23), 15566–15574. https://doi.org/10.1039/D3RA02169F

Li, F., Huang, D., Wang, G., Cheng, M., Chen, H., Zhou, W., Xiao, R., Li, R., Du, L., & Xu, W. (2024). Microplastics/nanoplastics in porous media: Key factors controlling their transport and retention behaviors Science of the Total Environment, 926, 171658. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.171658

Liu, K., Wang, X., Fang, T., Xu, P., Zhu, L., & Li, D. (2019). Source and potential risk assessment of suspended atmospheric microplastics in Shanghai. Science of the Total Environment, 675, 462–471. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.04.110

Liu, W., Zhang, J., Liu, H., Guo, X., Zhang, X., Yao, X., Cao, Z., & Zhang, T. (2021). A review of the removal of microplastics in global wastewater treatment plants: characteristics and mechanisms. Environment International, 146, 106277. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2020.106277

Liu, Y.-c., Wu, L., Shi, G.-w., Cao, S.-w., & Li, Y.-s. (2022a). Characteristics and sources of microplastic pollution in the water and sediments of the Jinjiang River Basin, Fujian Province, China. China Geology, 5 (3), 429–438.  https://doi.org/10.31035/cg2022051

Liu, Q., Chen, Y., Chen, Z., Yang, F., Xie, Y., & Yao, W. (2022b). Current status of microplastics and nanoplastics removal methods: Summary, comparison and prospect. Science of the total environment, 851, 157991. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157991

Liu, Q., Liu, L., Huang, J., Gu, L., Sun, Y., Zhang, L., Lyu, K., & Yang, Z. (2022c). The response of life history defense of cladocerans under predation risk varies with the size and concentration of microplastics. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 427, 127913. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.127913

Llorente-García, B. E., Hern´andez-L´opez, J. M., Zaldívar-Cadena, A. A., Siligardi, C., & Cedillo-Gonz´alez, E. I. (2020). First insights into photocatalytic degradation of HDPE and LDPE microplastics by a mesoporous N-TiO₂ coating: effect of size and shape of microplastics. Coatings, 10(7), 658. https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings10070658

Ma, B., Xue, W., Ding, Y., Hu, C., Liu, H., & Qu, J. (2019). Removal characteristics of microplastics by fe-based coagulants during drinking water treatment. Environmental Science: Advances journal, 78, 267–275. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jes.2018.10.006

Mishra, A. K., Singh, J., & Mishra, P. P. (2021). Microplastics in polar regions: an early warning to the world’s pristine ecosystem. Science of the Total Environment, 784, 147149. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.147149

Misra, A., Zambrzycki, C., Kloker, G., Kotyrba, A., Anjass, M. H., Franco Castillo, I., Mitchell, S. G., Güttel, R., & Streb, C. (2020). Water purification and microplastics removal using magnetic polyoxometalate-supported ionic liquid phases (magPOM-SILPs). Angewandte Chemie - International Edition, 59, 1601–1605. https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201912111

Moteallemi, A., Dehghani, M. H., Momeniha, F., & Azizi, S. (2024). Nanoplastics as emerging contaminants: A systematic review of analytical processes, removal strategies from water environments, challenges and perspective. Microchemical Journal, 207, 111884. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.microc.2024.111884

Mousazadehgavan, M., Khademi, S., Naeini, A. M., Yoosefdoost, I., Vashisht, V., Hashemi, M., Manouchehri, M., & Hashim, K. (2024). Fate of micro-and nanoplastics in water bodies: A critical review of current challenges, the next generation of advanced treatment techniques and removal mechanisms with a special focus on stormwater. Journal of Water Process Engineering, 67, 106159. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jwpe.2024.106159

Natesan, U., Vaikunth, R., Kumar, P., Ruthra, R., & Srinivasalu, S. (2021). Spatial distribution of microplastic concentration around landfill sites and its potential risk on groundwater. Chemosphere, 277, 130263. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.130263

Ni, B.-J., Zhu, Z.-R., Li, W.-H., Yan, X., Wei, W., Xu, Q., Xia, Z., Dai, X., & Sun, J. (2020). Microplastics mitigation in sewage sludge through pyrolysis: the role of pyrolysis temperature. Environmental science & technology letters, 7(12), 961-967. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.estlett.0c00740

Nizzetto, L., Futter, M., & Langaas, S. (2016). Are agricultural soils dumps for microplastics of urban origin? Environmetal Science and Technollogy, 50, 10777–10779. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.6b04140

O’Connor, D., Pan, S., Shen, Z., Song, Y., Jin, Y., Wu, W. M., & Hou, D. (2019). Microplastics undergo accelerated vertical migration in sand soil due to small size and wet-dry cycles. Environmental Pollution 249, 527–534. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2019.03.092

O’Kelly, B. C., El-Zein, A., Liu, X., Patel, A., Fei, X., Sharma, S., Mohammad, A., Goli, V. S. N. S., Wang, J. J., Li, D., & etal. (2021). Microplastics in soils: An environmental geotechnics perspective. Environmental Geotechnics, 8, 586–618. https://doi.org/10.1680/jenge.20.00179

O’Kelly, B. C., Pantos, O., Weaver, L., Sarris, T. S., Goli, V. S. N. S., Mohammad, A., Singh, P., & Singh, D. N. (2022). Fate and impact of nano/microplastic in the geoenvironment—ecotoxicological perspective. Environmental Geotechnics, 11(4), 293-306. https://doi.org/10.1680/jenge.22.00053

Ouda, M., Banat, F., Hasan, S. W., & Karanikolos, G. N. (2023). Recent advances on nanotechnology-driven strategies for remediation of microplastics and nanoplastics from aqueous environments Journal of Water Process Engineering, 52, 103543. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jwpe.2023.103543Get rights and content

Goh, P.S., Kang, H.S., Ismail, A.F., Khor, W.H., Quen, L.K. & Higgins. D. (2022). Nanomaterials for microplastic remediation from aquatic environment: Why nano matters? Chemosphere, 299, 134418. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.134418

Paço, A., Jacinto, J., da Costa, J. P., Santos, P. S., Vitorino, R., Duarte, A. C., & Rocha-Santos, T. (2019). Biotechnological tools for the effective management of plastics in the environment. Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, 49(5), 410-441. https://doi.org/10.1080/10643389.2018.1548862

Park, E.-J., Han, J.-S., Park, E.-J., Seong, E., Lee, G.-H., Kim, D.-W., Son, H.-Y., Han, H.-Y., & Lee, B.-S. (2020). Repeated-oral dose toxicity of polyethylene microplastics and the possible implications on reproduction and development of the next generation. Toxicology letters, 324, 75-85. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxlet.2020.01.008

Pasalari, H., Farzadkia, M., Gholami, M., & Emamjomeh, M. M. (2019). Management of landfill leachate in Iran: valorization, characteristics, and environmental approaches. Environmental Chemistry Letters, 17, 335-348. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10311-018-0804-x

Pathak, G. (2023). Plastic politics: industry stakeholders and the navigation of plastic control policy in India. Environmental Politics, 32(1), 135-156. https://doi.org/10.1080/09644016.2021.2025301

Petersen, F., & Hubbart, J. A. (2021). The occurrence and transport of microplastics: the state of the science. Science of the Total Environment, 758, 143936. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143936

Picó, Y., & Barceló, D. (2019). Analysis and prevention of microplastics pollution in water: current perspectives and future directions. ACS omega, 4(4), 6709-6719. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.9b00222

Powell, J. J., Faria, N., Thomas-McKay, E., & Pele, L. C. (2010). Origin and fate of dietary nanoparticles and microparticles in the gastrointestinal tract. Journal of autoimmunity, 34(3), J226-J233. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaut.2009.11.006

Prajapati, A., NarayanVaidya, A., & Kumar, A. R. (2022). Microplastic properties and their interaction with hydrophobic organic contaminants: a review. Environmental Science and Pollutuion Research, 29 (33), 49490–49512. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-20723-y

Qi, K., Cheng, B., Yu, J., & Ho, W. (2017). Review on the improvement of the photocatalytic and antibacterial activities of ZnO. Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 727, 792–820.

Rashid, R., Shafiq, I., Akhter, P., Iqbal, M. J., & Hussain, M. (2021). A state-of-the-art review on wastewater treatment techniques: the effectiveness of adsorption method. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 28, 9050–9066. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2017.08.142

Ray, S. S., Lee, H. K., Huyen, D. T. T., Chen, S.-S., & Kwon, Y.-N. (2022). Microplastics waste in environment: A perspective on recycling issues from PPE kits and face masks during the COVID-19 pandemic. Environmental Technology & Innovation, 26, 102290. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eti.2022.102290

Re, V. (2019). Shedding light on the invisible: addressing the potential for groundwater contamination by plastic microfibers. Hydrogeology Journal, 27(7), 2719-2727. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-019-01998-x

Ren, Z., Gui, X., Xu, X., Zhao, L., Qiu, H., & Cao, X. (2021). Microplastics in the soil-groundwater environment: Aging, migration, and co-transport of contaminants – A critical review. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 419, 126455. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.126455

Rius-Ayra, O., Bouhnouf-Riahi, O., & Llorca-Isern, N. (2020). Superhydrophobic and sustainable nanostructured powdered iron for the efficient separation of oil-inwater emulsions and the capture of microplastics. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces Journal 12, 45629–45640. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.0c13876

Rizvi, N. B., Sarwar, A., Waheed, S., Iqbal, Z. F., Imran, M., Javaid, A., Kim, T. H., & Khan, M. S. (2024). Nano-based remediation strategies for micro and nanoplastic pollution: A review. Journal of Contaminant Hydrology, 245, 104380. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jconhyd.2024.104380

Salahshoor, Z., Shahbazi, A., & Maddah, S. (2021). Magnetic field–influenced nanofiltration membrane blended by CS–EDTA–mGO as multi–functionality green modifier to enhance nanofiltration performance, efficient removal of Na₂SO₄/Pb^2+/RR195 and cyclic wastewater treatment. Chemosphere, 278, 130379.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.130379

Salahshoor, Z., Shahbazi, A., & Koutahzadeh, N. (2022). Developing a novel nitrogen-doped hollow porous carbon sphere (N-HPCS) blended nanofiltration membrane with superior water permeance characteristic for high saline and colored wastewaters treatment. Chemical Engineering Journal, 431, 134068. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2021.134068

Shi, J., Dong, Y., Shi, Y., Yin, T., He, W., An, T., ... & Lin, H. (2022). Groundwater antibiotics and microplastics in a drinking-water source area, northern China: Occurrence, spatial distribution, risk assessment, and correlation. Environmental Research, 210, 112855. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2022.112855

 Shruti, V. C., & Kutralam-Muniasamy, G. (2023). Blanks and bias in microplastic research: Implications for future quality assurance. Trends in Environmental Analytical Chemistry, 38, e00203. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.teac.2023.e00203

Singh, N., Khandelwal, N., Ganie, Z. A., Tiwari, E., & Darbha, G. K. (2021). Eco-friendly magnetic biochar: an effective trap for nanoplastics of varying surface functionality and size in the aqueous environment. Chemical Engineering Journal, 418, 129405. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2021.129405

Singh, S., Chakma, S., Alawa, B., Kalyanasundaram, M., & Diwan, V. (2023). Identification, characterization, and implications of microplastics in soil-A case study of Bhopal, central India. Journal of Hazardous Matereials Advances, 9, 100225. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hazadv.2022.100225

Sophocleous, M. (2002). Interactions between groundwater and surface water: the state of the science. Hydrogeology Journal, 10, 52–67. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-001-0170-8

Sun, C. Z., Wang, Z. G., Chen, L. Y., & Li, F. M. (2020). Fabrication of robust and compressive chitin and graphene oxide sponges for removal of microplastics with different functional groups. Chemical Engineering Journal, 393, 124796.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2020.12479

Tan, H., Yue, T., Xu, Y., Zhao, J., & Xing, B. (2020). Microplastics reduce lipid digestion in simulated human gastrointestinal system. Environmental science & technology, 54(19), 12285-12294.
https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.0c02608

Tang, K. H. D. (2021a). Interactions of microplastics with persistent organic pollutants and the ecotoxicological effects: a review. Tropical Aquatic and Soil Pollution, 1(1), 24-34. https://doi.org/10.53623/tasp.v1i1.11

Tang, Y., Zhang, S., Su, Y., Wu, D., Zhao, Y., & Xie, B. (2021b). Removal of microplastics from aqueous solutions by magnetic carbon nanotubes. Chemical Engineering Journal, 406 ,126804. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2020.126804

Thacharodi, A., Hassan, S., Meenatchi, R., Bhat, M. A., Hussain, N., Arockiaraj, J., Ngo, H. H., Sharma, A., Nguyen, H., & Pugazhendhi, A. (2024). Mitigating microplastic pollution: A critical review on the effects, remediation, and utilization strategies of microplastics. Journal of Environmental Management, 351, 119988. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.119988

Thompson, R. C., Olsen, Y., Mitchell, R. P., Davis, A., Rowland, S. J., John, A. W. G., McGonigle, D., & Russell, A. E. (2004). Lost at sea: where is all the plastic? . Science, 304, 838. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1094559

Tu, C., Chen, T., Zhou, Q., Liu, Y., Wei, J., Waniek, J. J., & Luo, Y. (2020). Biofilm formation and its influences on the properties of microplastics as affected by exposure time and depth in the seawater. Science of the Total Environment, 734, 139237. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139237

Van Der Does, M., Knippertz, P., Zschenderlein, P., Harrison, R. G., & Stuut, J. B. W. (2018). The mysterious long-range transport of giant mineral dust particles. Science Advances, 4 (12), eaau2768. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aau2768

Viaroli, S., Lancia, M., & Re, V. (2022). Microplastics contamination of groundwater: Current evidence and future perspectives. A review. Science of the Total Environment, 824, 153851. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.153851

Walker, T. R. (2021). (Micro) plastics and the UN sustainable development goals. Current Opinion in Green and Sustainable Chemistry, 30, 100497. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cogsc.2021.100497

Wang, L., Wu, W. M., Bolan, N. S., Tsang, D. C., Li, Y., Qin, M., & Hou, D. (2021a). Environmental fate, toxicity and risk management strategies of nanoplastics in the environment: Current status and future perspectives. Journal of hazardous materials, 401, 123415. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.123415

Wang, J., Sun, C., Huang, Q. X., Chi, Y., & Yan, J. H. (2021b). Adsorption and thermal degradation of microplastics from aqueous solutions by Mg/Zn modified magnetic biochars. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 419, 12648. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.126486

Wanner, P. (2021). Plastic in agricultural soils-A global risk for groundwater systems and drinking water supplies?A review Chemosphere 264, 128453. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.128453

Wu, X., Lyu, X., Li, Z., Gao, B., Zeng, X., Wu, J., & Sun, Y. (2020). Transport of polystyrene nanoplastics in natural soils: effect of soil properties, ionic strength and cation type. Sci. Total Environ., 707, 136065.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.136065

Xu, X., Jian, Y., Xue, Y., Hou, Q., & Wang, L. (2019). Microplastics in the wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs): occurrence and removal. Chemosphere, 235, 1089-1096. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.06.197

Xu, Y., Chan, F. K. S., He, J., Johnson, M., Gibbins, C., Kay, P., Stanton, T., Xu, Y., Li, G., & Feng, M. (2021). A critical review of microplastic pollution in urban freshwater environments and legislative progress in China: recommendations and insights. Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, 51(22), 2637-2680. https://doi.org/10.1080/10643389.2020.1801308

Xu, J., Zuo, R., Shang, J., Wu, G., Dong, Y., Zheng, S., & etal. (2023). Nano-and micro-plastic transport in soil and groundwater environments: sources, behaviors, theories, and models. Science of the Total Environment, 904, 166641. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.166641

Yang, L., Zhang, Y., Kang, S., Wang, Z., & Wu, C. (2021). Microplastics in freshwater sediment: a review on methods, occurrence, and sources. Science of the Total Environment, 754, 141948. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141948

Yao, L., Hui, L., Yang, Z., Chen, X., & Xiao, A. (2020). Freshwater microplastics pollution: detecting and visualizing emerging trends based on citespace II. Chemosphere, 245, 125627. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.125627

Yu, X., Huang, W., Wang, Y., Wang, Y., Cao, L., Yang, Z., & Dou, S. (2022). Microplastic pollution in the environment and organisms of Xiangshan Bay, East China Sea: an area of intensive mariculture. Water research, 212, 118117. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2022.118117

Zhang, Q., Xu, E. G., Li, J., Chen, Q., Ma, L., Zeng, E. Y., & Shi, H. (2020). A review of microplastics in table salt, drinking water, and air: direct human exposure. Environmental Science and Technology, 54, 3740–3751.  https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.9b04535

Zhang, D., Chen, Q., Xu, T., & Yin, D. (2025). Current research status on the distribution and transport of micro(nano)plastics in hyporheic zones and groundwater. Journal of environmental sciences, 151, 387–409. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jes.2024.03.042

Zhao, S., Zhang, Z., Chen, L., Cui, Q., Cui, Y., Song, D., & Fang, L. (2022). Review on migration, transformation and ecological impacts of microplastics in soil. Applied Soil Ecology, 176, 104486. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsoil.2022.104486

Zhou, G. Y., Huang, X., Xu, H., Wang, Q. G., Wang, M. J., Wang, Y. Q., Li, Q., Zhang, Y., Ye, Q., & Zhang, J. (2022). Removal of polystyrene nanoplastics from water by CuNi carbon material: the role of adsorption. Science of the Total Environment, 820, 153190. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.153190