ناتو و سیاست مهار چین در ایندو پاسیفیک

پژوهش نامه ایرانی سیاست بین الملل

دوره 13، شماره 2 - شماره پیاپی 26، تیر 1404، صفحه 188-209   

نوع مقاله: مقاله پژوهشی

شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22067/irlip.2025.89149.1554

نویسندگان

سید علی منوری¹؛ محسن کشوریان آزاد^{* 2}

¹دانشیار گروه روابط بین الملل، دانشگاه خوارزمی، تهران، ایران

²پژوهشگر پسا دکتری روابط بین الملل، دانشکده حقوق و علوم سیاسی، دانشگاه خوارزمی تهران، نویسنده مسئول

چکیده

ظهور و قدرت­‌یابی چین در عرصة جهانی و منطقه‌­ا­ی منجر به حساسیت ایالات متحده و شرکای لیبرال آن با طرح ابتکارات امنیتی و اقتصادی برای مهار پکن شده است. ائتلاف کواد، ائتلاف اوکاس، راهبرد جداسازی و  محدود سازی چین به کمک شرکا از جمله این ابتکارات برای مهار چین است. در ادامه طرح‌­ها و ابتکارات آن‌ها، ناتو به‌­عنوان بازوی امنیتی-نظامی نیز تمرکز بر چین را افزایش داده و برنامه و اقداماتی را تدارک دیده که واکنش مقامات چین را در پی داشته و نشان از حضور مؤثرتر این بازیگر در ایندو پاسیفیک دارد. هدف این مقاله تبیین راهبرد ناتو برای مهار چین است و به روش تحلیلی-تبیینی به این پرسش پاسخ می­دهد که ناتو چگونه درصدد گسترش دامنه نفوذ خود در منطقة ایندو پاسیفیک برای مهار چین است؟ در پاسخ فرض بر این است که ناتو با تغییر مفهوم راهبرد و افزایش تمرکز بر چین به دنبال تقویت پیوند با شرکای لیبرال و زمینه­‌سازی اجماع بین آن‌ها برای مهار چین در ایندو پاسیفیک است. نتایج نشان می­دهد که اسناد ناتو و اعضای آن تمرکز بر روی منطقه ایندو پاسیفیک- به‌صورت ویژه چین- را افزایش داده‌­اند و قالب­‌های همکاری و اقدامات عملی با شرکای خود (ژاپن، کره ­جنوبی، هند، استرالیا و نیوزلند) در حال پیاده­‌سازی است.

کلیدواژه‌ها

ایندو پاسیفیک؛ چین؛ شرکای لیبرال؛ مهار؛ ناتو

مراجع

Australian Embassy. )2022(. Relations with NATO. Available at: https://belgium.embassy.gov.au/bsls/relnato.html,2022/08/21.

Bekkevold, J.L. (20240). Europe’s New Role in U.S. Strategy. Foreign Policy, Available at: https://foreignpolicy.com/2024/07/05/us-strategy-europe-china-nato-geopolitics, 2024/07/05.

Binnendijk, H & Hamilton, H. (2023). Implementing NATO’s Strategic Concept on China. Atlantic council, Available at: https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/in-depth-research-reports/report/implementing-natos-strategic-concept-on-china/, 2023/02/02.

Clegg, J. (2020). NATO, Europe, US & China. Asia Security, 15(1).‏

Cooper, Z. (2023). Focus versus format: An American view of South Korea's regional engagement. Asian Politics & Policy, 15(1), 37-47, https://doi.org/10.1111/aspp.12677.

Cotula, L. (2021). EU–China Comprehensive Agreement on Investment: An Appraisal of its Sustainable Development Section. Business and Human Rights Journal, 6.2 (2021): 360-367, https://doi.org/10.1017/bhj.2021.16.

Dassu, M. (2020).   How NATO should plan for the next ten years. European Council on Foreign Relations, Available at: https://ecfr.eu/article/how-nato-should-plan-for-the-next-ten-years/, 2020/ 12/14.

Depledge, D. (2021). NATO and the Arctic: the need for a new approach. The RUSI Journal, 165(5-6), 80-90., https://doi.org/10.1080/03071847.2020.1865831.

Dobell, G. (2022). NATO recognises global power shift to the Indo-Pacific. The Strategist, Available at: https://www.aspistrategist.org.au/nato-recognises-global-power-shift-to-the-indo-pacific/, 2022/07/11.

Elman, C., & Elman, M. F. (2003). Lessons from Lakatos.  In Progress in International Relations Theory: Appraising the Field. Belfer Center Studies In International Security.

European commission, (2022). EU-China: A stable global economy is a shared responsibility. Available at: https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/IP_22_4547, 2022/7/19.

Foy,H. (2022).  Russia and China Are Sharing Strategies to Undermine Nato, Says Top US Diplomat.  Financial Times, 2022/12/19.

Glišić, M., Đorđević, B., & Stojković, D. (2022). Emerging Multipolarity: A Deeper Understanding Of NATO-China Relations. Institute of International Politics and Economics; Faculty of Philosophy of the University of St. Cyril and Methodius.‏

Global Times. (2023). NATO throws ‘nuclear bait’ to South Korea. https://www.globaltimes.cn, Available at: https://www.globaltimes.cn/page/202301/1284511.shtml,2023/01/31.

Grare, F. (2020). Germany’s New Approach to the Indo-Pacific. Endowment for International Peace, Available at: https://carnegieendowment.org/2020/10/15/germany-s-new-approach-to-indo-pacific-pub-82978, 2020/10/15.

Hong, C. (2023). China calls for vigilance as NATO extends reach. China dialy, Available at: https://www.chinadaily.com.cn/a/202302/16/WS63ed843aa31057c47ebaf136.html, 2023/02/16.

Hughes, C. W., & Krauss, E. S. (2023). Japan's new security agenda. In Survival 49.2 (pp. 157-176). Routledge.

Iwanek, K. (2021). .How Can India Cooperate With NATO?. The diplomat, Available at: https://thediplomat.com/2021/06/how-can-india-cooperate-with-nato/, 2021/06/03.

Jianxue, L & Duo, L. (2022). NATO remains a cautious option for India. Global times, Available at: https://www.globaltimes.cn/page/202207/1270241.shtml, 2022/07/11.

Keshvarian Azad, M, & Mirtorabi, S. (2023). The Biden administration and the policy of containing the rise of China's power in the Indo-Pacific. Foreign Policy Quarterly, 36(1), 27-54, (In Persian).

Keyue, X. (2023). NATO plans to take first step in Asia-Pacific by opening Tokyo office, undermining regional peace,. Global Tims, Available at: https://www.globaltimes.cn/page/202305/1290130.shtml, 2023/05/04.

Krimi, S. (2022). NATO AND THE INDO-PACIFIC REGION. NATO Parlimentary assembly, Available at: https://www.nato-pa.int/document/2022-nato-and-indo-pacific-region-report-krimi-021-pcnp, 2022/04/29.

Legarda, H. (2022). China and Russia Bring NATO and the Indo-Pacific Together. Internationale politik quarterly, Available at: https://ip-quarterly.com/en/china-and-russia-bring-nato-and-indo-pacific-together, 2022/08/14.

Lobell, S. E. (2010). Structural realism/offensive and defensive realism. In Oxford Research Encyclopedia of International Studies.

Marrone, A. (2011). The equilibrium of the 2010 NATO strategic concept. The International Spectator, 46(3), 93-111, https://doi.org/10.1080/03932729.2011.601122.

Mathieu D. (2019). Naval Bases: From Djibouti to a Global Network?. Institute Montaigne, Available at: https://www.institutmontaigne.org/documents/china-trends/China-trends-2-print-web.pdf, 2019/02/26.

Michito, T. (2022). NATO-Japan Cooperation: A New Opportunity for Building Bridges Between US Allies. www.nippon.com, Available at: https://www.nippon.com/en/in-depth/d00820/.

Mitchell, W. (2021). NATO: India’s next geopolitical destination. Hindustan times, Available at: https://www.hindustantimes.com/opinion/nato-india-s-next-geopolitical-destination-101616423938974-amp.html, 2021/03/23.

NATO, (2021b). »NATO Relations with Australia«, Available at: https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/topics_48899.htm, 2021/08/25.

NATO. (2014). Individual Partnership and Cooperation Programme. Available at: https://www.nato.int/nato_static_fl2014/assets/pdf/pdf_2014_05/20140507_140507-IPCP_Japan.pdf, 2014/05/06.

NATO. (2021a). NATO 2030, North Atlantic Treaty Organization. Available at: https://www.nato.int/nato_static_fl2014/assets/pdf/2021/6/pdf/2106-factsheet-nato2030-en.pdf, 2021/06/30.

NATO. (2022a). Strategic Foresight Regional Perspectives Report on the Indo-Pacific. www.act.nato.int, Available at: https://www.act.nato.int/articles/strategic-foresight-regional-perspectives-report-indo-pacific, 2022/08/02.

NATO. (2022b). Relations with New Zealand. Available at: https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/topics_52347.htm, 2022/05/23.

Odgaard, L. (2023). China Views NATO: Beijing’s Concerns About Transatlantic Cooperation in the Indo-Pacific. In Evaluating NATO Enlargement: From Cold War Victory to the Russia-Ukraine War (pp. 283-302). Cham: Springer International Publishing.‏

Okano-Heijmans, M. (2021). Netherlands and Indo-Pacific: Inclusive but Not Value-Neutral. Clingendael, Available at: https://www.clingendael.org/publication/netherlands-and-indo-pacific-inclusive-not-value-neutral, 2021/08/31.

Pape, R. A. (2005). Soft balancing against the United States. International security, 30(1), 7-45, https://doi.org/10.1162/0162288054894607.

Park, J & Dersimonian, A. (2024). The Folly of Interlinking NATO and US Asian Alliances., The Diplomat, Available at: https://thediplomat.com/2024/07/the-folly-of-interlinking-nato-and-u-s-asian-alliances/, 2024/06/12.

Passy, S & Apostolov A. (2022). The India–NATO Council and a Tri-Polar World. Observer research foundation, Available at: https://www.orfonline.org/expert-speak/the-india-nato-council-and-a-tri-polar-world/, 2022/06/26.

Przychodniak, M. (2023). What Military Role Can the EU Play in the Indo-Pacific?. China Observers in Central and Eastern Europe, Available at: https://chinaobservers.eu/what-military-role-can-the-eu-play-in-the-indo-pacific/, 2023/01/24.

Rosenberger, L., & Gorman, L. (2020). How democracies can win the information contest. The Washington Quarterly, 43(2), 75-96, https://doi.org/10.1080/0163660X.2020.1771045.

Roy, S. (2022). Explained: The significance of India’s talks with NATO, and next steps. Available at: https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/india-nato-talks-explained-significance-common-ground-china-pakistan-8085582/, 2022/06/14.

Sheng, E. L. (2023). The Reconstruction of the US–EU Alliance in Joe Biden’s Administration: The G7 and NATO as Instruments to Contain China and Russia. In China’s Belt and Road Initiative and the Triangle Great Game of Contemporary International Politics, Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, (pp79-109).

Sheng, Y. (2023). NATO chief visits Asia, intends to bring ‘bloc-to-bloc confrontation in Europe’ to region. Global Tims, Available at: https://www.Available at:globaltimes.cn/page/202301/1284496.shtml, 2023/01/30.

Tan, S. S. (2020). Consigned to hedge: south-east Asia and America's ‘free and open Indo-Pacific’strategy, International Affairs, 96(1), 131-148, https://doi.org/10.1093/ia/iiz227.

Trillo-Figueroa, S.C. (2024). Is China a threat to Europe? Nato’s China stance may rest on its answer. South China Morning Post, Available at: https://www.scmp.com/opinion/world-opinion/article/3270364/china-threat-europe-natos-china-stance-may-rest-its-answer, 2024/06/16.

Vankovska, B. (2022). Heading Towards a Global NATO: Piquing China?. Вопросы политологии.‏

Walt, S. M. (1985). Alliance formation and the balance of world power. International security, 9(4), 3-43, https://doi.org/10.2307/2538540.

Walt, S. (1987). The Origins of Alliances. New York: Cornell University.

Yeung J & Stewart, M. (2023). Japan is in talks to open a NATO office as Ukraine war makes world less stable, foreign minister says. CNN, Available at: https://edition.cnn.com/2023/05/10/asia/japan-foreign-minister-hayashi-nato-intl-hnk/index.html, 2023/05/10.

Yi, S., & Yang, C. (2023). China-NATO Relations: History and Reality. BRIQ Belt & Road Initiative Quarterly, 4(3), 26-37, https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4840-6427.

Zapolskis, M. (2012). 1999 and 2010 NATO Strategic Concepts: A Comparative Analysis. Lithuanian Annual Strategic Review, 10(1), DOI:10.2478/v10243-012-0012-5.