Preliminary Evaluation of the Therapeutic Effects of Neem Leaf Extract and Ivermectin in West African Dwarf Goats with Clinical Mange

Iranian Journal of Veterinary Science and Technology

دوره 17، شماره 3 - شماره پیاپی 40، آذر 2025، صفحه 38-46   

نوع مقاله: Research Article

شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22067/ijvst.2025.93101.1504

نویسندگان

Olubunmi Titilayo Ojoawo^* ؛ Jelili Akinwole Akinlade؛ Opeyemi Agbeniyi؛ Opeyemi Oladipupo Hammed؛ Fiwasade Adejoke Rom-Kalilu

Department of Animal Production and Health, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Nigeria.

چکیده

This study investigates the therapeutic potential of neem (Azadirachta indica) extract as a topical remedy for mange in West African Dwarf (WAD) goats, a breed commonly raised in Southern Nigeria and are affected by mange, which negatively impacts animal welfare and productivity. Twelve mange-infected goats were randomly assigned to three treatment groups: T1 (10 ml ivermectin pour-on), T2 (5 ml neem extract + 5 ml ivermectin), and T3 (10 ml neem extract). Treatments were administered topically over 14 day period.  Clinical evaluations included skin scrapings, red blood cell (RBC), white blood cell (WBC) and serum biochemical indices.  Phytochemical analysis of the neem extract revealed notable concentrations of alkaloids, saponins, and phenols.  Post-treatment observations showed improvement in skin condition across all groups. Notably, T2 goats exhibited significant increases in RBC and WBC counts (p < 0.05). Differences in serum biochemical indices, particularly potassium, were also noted. The findings indicate that neem extract, can serve as an effective alternative or adjunct treatment to ivermectin for mange control in WAD goats. Its use may be particularly beneficial in local environments with poor accesibility to conventional drugs, contributing to improve animal health and production outcomes.

کلیدواژه‌ها

Neem leaf؛ Ivermectin؛ Mange؛ West African Dwarf goats؛ Topical؛ Food security

مراجع

1.    Oosting S, van der Lee J, Verdegem M. Farmed animal production in tropical circular food systems. Food Security.  2022; 14 :273–292. Doi:10.1007/s12571-021-01205-4
2.    Bamaiyi PH.   Factors Militating Against Animal Production in Nigeria. Intl. J. of Livestock Res.   2013; 3(2)   ISSN 2277-1964 www.ijlr.org  
3.    Anyaogu D, Chukwudi C, Onuorah P, Shoyinka V.  Diagnosis of mange in the West African Dwarf and Red Sokoto goats. Intl. J. of Inf. Diseases. 2018; 603 :73(314) Doi:10.1016/j.ijid.2018.04.4128
4.    Fthenakis GC, Papadopoulos E, Himonas C, Leontides L, Kritas S, and Papatsas J. Efficacy of moxidectin against sarcoptic mange and the effects on milk yield of ewes and growth of lambs, Vet. Paras. 2000; 87: 207-216.
5.    Taylor MA, Coop RL, Wall RL. Veterinary Parasitology.  3rd Edition, Blackwell Publishing, Oxford, 717, 2007.
6.    Murshed M, Al-Quiraishy S, Mares MM.  Survey of mange mite infesting sheep in Riyadh region, Saudi Arabia.  Saudi J. of Bio. Sci. 2022; 29(1):595-600
7.    Seddiek SA, Khater HF, El-Shorbagy MM, Ali MM. Effect of neem extract and ivermectin on mite (Sarcoptes scabiei) in experimentally infected rabbits. Proceeding of the 7th Int. Sci. Conf., Mansoura, 28-30 August, 2012.
8.    Yuan H, Ma Q, Ye L, Piao G. The traditional medicine and modern medicine from natural products. McPhee D. J. (Ed.) Molecules. May; 2016; 21(5): 559. Doi: 10.3390/molecules21050559 
9.    Aladesanmi AJ, Iwalewa EO, Adebanjo AC, Akinkunmi EO, Taiwo BJ, Olorunmola FO, Lamikanra A. Antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of some Nigerian medicinal plants. Afr. J. of Trad. Comple. Alter. Med. 2006; 4(2):173-84. Doi:10.4314/ajtcam.v4i2.31206.
10.    Tipu MA, Akhtar MS, Anjum MI, Raja ML. New dimension of medicinal plants as animal feed. Pak. Vet. J.; 2006 ;26(3).10-15
11.    Hashmat I, Azad H, Ahmed A. Neem (Azadirachta indica A. Juss) –A nature’s drug store: an overview. Intl. Res. J. of Bio. Sci. 2012; 1(6): 76-9.
12.    Gopinath H, Karthikeyan L. Neem in dermatology: Shedding Light on the traditional panacea. Ind. J. of Derma. 2021; 66 (6): 706. Doi: 10.4103/ijd.ijd_562_21
13.    Soetan KO, Oyekunle MA, Aiyelaagbe OO, Fafunso MA. Evaluation of the antimicrobial activity of saponins extract of Sorghum bicolor L. moench. Afr. J. of Biotech. 2006; 5(23): 2405-2407.
14.    Mulla MS. Neem in pest management. Bioresource Technology, 2009; 100(19), 5252-5256.
15.    Nall R. What you should know about hyperkeratosis. Medically reviewed by Cynthia Cobb. 2018 Accessed on August 23, 2023.
16.    Okpara O, Obakanurhe O, Irikefe-Ekeke EP, Inweh D. Evaluation of Growth, Blood Parameters and Carcass Quality in WAFD Goats Fed Graded Amount of Concentrate Diets. Advances in Animal and Veterinary Sciences. 2025; 13. 10.17582/ journal.aavs/ 2025/13.5.934.942. 
17.    Okpanachi U, Okpanachi GAC, Kaye J, Agu CI, Odah EO. Haematological profile and serum biochemistry of West African dwarf goats fed sun-dried yellow cashew pulp-based diets. J. of Appl. Sci. 2019; 19: (4): 319-324
18.    Merck Veterinary Manual (MVM). Haematological reference ranges. Merck veterinary manual.2012. Retrieved from http://www.merck manuals.com.
19.    Mohammed SA, Razzaque MA, Omar AE, Albert S, Al-Gallaf WM. Biochemical and haematological profile of different breeds of goat maintained under intensive production system. Afri. J. of Biotech. 2016 ;15(24):1253-1257. Doi: 10.5897/AAJB2016.15362. 
20.    Ikwunze K, Jiwuba LC, Okoye LE, Amaduruonye W, Ilo SU, Okah U, Ahamefule FO.  Haematology and serum biochemistry of West African Dwarf goats fed Pleurotus tuber-regium treated cassava root sievate based diets. Res. Sq. 2022. doi: Doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-1324593/v1.  
21.    Barton MD Management of antimicrobial resistance in veterinary medicine. Microbial Drug Resistance. 2009; 15(1): 27-34.
22.    Statistical Analysis System. Users guide for Windows. Analysis System Institute Inc. North Carolina, USA., 2003.
23.    Ushie OA., Aikhoje EF, Aasegh TJ, Ibrahim AI, Bako B and Ettah AO. Estimation of total alkaloids, saponins flavonoid, tannins and phenols in Thaumatococcus danielli leaves. World Journal of Pharmaceutical and Medical research. 2022;8(4): 242-246.