Sustainable Urban Neighborhoods (SUN): A New Pattern in the Reconceptualization of “neighborhood” in Iran (A Case study of Ardam Neighborhood in District 10 of Mashhad Municipality)

جغرافیا و توسعه فضای شهری

Article 3, Volume 2, Issue 2 - Serial Number 3, March 2016, Pages 39-53   

Document Type: Scientific-Research

DOI: 10.22067/gusd.v2i2.16195

Authors

Ghadir Siami^{* 1}; Fahimeh Bagherzadeh²; Azam Aepahi³

¹Ferdowsi University of Mashhad

²Imam Reza International University (pbuh), Mashhad

³Islamic Azad University Mashhad Branch, Iran

Abstract

Extended Abstract
1. Introduction
The fast growing trend of urbanization in the past few decades has developed an idea suggesting that the city and its components are integral parts of human life today. Following the growing development of cities, poverty, expansion of social inequalities, environmental degradation, spread of pollution in urban areas, and the growth of social and cultural abnormalities, have caused the developing countries to face with numerous adverse crises of the fast growing globalization. This issue has made urban instability as one of the most challenging urban issues in twenty-first century.
The continuation of such urban growth, especially in countries of the South in form and function has been both a challenge and a warning to the current trend of unsustainable urbanization. One the other hand, different aspects of urban settlement have become more and more complicated, and instability has emerged in urban ecosystems as a result. After the advent of urban sustainable development approach in the late twentieth century and the failure of different schools, including modernism and postmodernism to reform the current conditions and make the favorable situations come true, the concept of sustainability has become a stable approach in urban studies. In this sense, the concept of sustainable urban neighborhood is a new approach in the design and planning of urban neighborhood. Therefore, the concept of sustainable urban neighborhood is a new approach in the design and planning of urban neighborhood which takes a closer look at the concept, structure, and function of "neighborhood" to plan the creation, promotion and sustainability of citizen health and environmental qualities within the structure of urban neighborhoods with special emphasis on further stability and durability of their design and construction in terms of social, economic and physical perspectives. In this regard, the purpose of this article is to examine the sustainability in the new neighborhood of Ardam in the Qasemabad area in metropolis Mashhad, recognize the challenges and difficulties of neighborhood stability, and provide strategies and solutions to improve the quality of the neighborhood environment indicators based on Sustainable Urban Neighborhoods (SUN). Thus, it is safe to say that the concept of SUN is a new approach in the area of neighborhood planning which is utilized to increase the environment sustainability and to improve the life quality of citizens in the urban neighborhood context. In this regard, this article aims to examine the sustainability principals and indicators in the second neighborhood of Ardam project, Region 10 of Mashhad municipality.

2.Theoritical Framework
According to the definition of SUN, these types of neighborhoods refer to new communities in which their design and construction has a longer life and more stability in terms of social, economic, and physical perspectives (Falk & Carley, 2012). In the designing process, these neighborhoods should include the following characteristics: a public information system connecting the residents to the resources and opportunities through the region, residents having access to financial capitals for homes, trade and individual needs, residents living in the neighborhood with parks, open spaces, recreational centers, group centers of high quality and a clean environment, the health of families and children, residents having access to appropriate housing with affordable payment, safety at home and in the neighborhood, and the organization of neighborhood residents based on qualified local interests.

3. Methodology
The purpose of this article is to examine the sustainability principals and indicators in the second neighborhood of Ardam project, Region 10 of Mashhad municipality. The methodology used in this article is of practical in terms of the research purposes and of analytical-descriptive in terms of the research framework, which is carried out through measurement techniques at the level of Neighborhood 2, Ardam. To collect the data, observations and questionnaires based on physical, communicative, economic, social, and environmental criteria along with some sub-criteria in the sustainable pattern of urban neighborhoods obtained through systematic sampling of the above neighborhood were used in the study. Moreover, the GIS application as a spatial analysis tool was used to analyze the sustainability indicators of Ardam neighborhood while SWOT technique was also used to determine the development policies and offer some appropriate strategies.

4. Results and conclusion
The results of the study showed that the high levels of trust and social belonging and then full coverage of all the facilities and amenities are the main strengths in the SUN context. Accordingly, lack of uniformity, variation in space, and then lack of exuberance and vitality at all times of day in the neighborhood are the weaknesses of this neighborhood. In analyzing the external factors through the SWOT model, the barren lands are important opportunities in this neighborhood which enhance the quality of spatial-physical the neighborhood and then provide the possibility of design for exuberance and vitality. On the other hand, the most important threats to the stability of the Ardam neighborhood include lack of investing grounds by the urban managers, and weakness in the neighborhood image due to lack of identity. This study suggests that particular elements along with diverse construction projects can be used to enhance the visual image of Ardam neighborhood, flooring, lighting, and urban furniture for billboard. In addition, promoting vitality, strengthening public participation, creating neighborhood green spaces, shopping malls, public squares, and strong local relations, and also designing an environment with social, recreational, cultural and religious functions can be considered as effective strategies.

Keywords

Sustainable Urban Neighborhood (SUN); Ardam neighborhood; Mashhad

References

1. برآبادی، م. (1383). الفبای شهر، نظارت بر ساخت و سازها. ماهنامه شهرداری‌ها،110(70)، 44-46

2. جردن، ت.، و راونتری، ج. (2000). مقدمه‌ای بر جغرافیای فرهنگی. ترجمۀ س. تولایی، ع. سلیمانی. تهران، ایران: پژوهشگاه فرهنگ، هنر و ارتباطات

3. جوان، ج.، سیدی، م. (1386). کوتاه نگرشی بر ساخت‌و‌سازهای غیرمجاز در حاشیۀ شهر مشهد. مجله جغرافیا و توسعۀ ناحیه‌ای، 4(2)، 55-72

4. حبیبی، م.، و مسائلی، ص. (1378). سرانۀ کاربری‌های شهری. تهران، ایران: سازمان ملی زمین و مسکن

5. خاکپور، ب.، مافی، ع.، و باوان‌پور، ع. (1388). نقش سرمایۀ اجتماعی در توسعۀ پایدار محله‌ای نمونه کوی سجادیه در مشهد. مجلۀ جغرافیا و توسعۀ ناحیه‌ای، 12(2)، 56-81

6. رحیمی، ح. (1383). مقدمه‌ای بر جغرافیا و توسعۀ پایدار. تهران، ایران: اقلدیس

7. رهنما، م.، و رزاقیان، ف. (1390). نقش آمایش شهری در هویت یابی فضایی ـ کالبدی‌محور بلوار پیروزی مشهد. فصلنامۀ جغرافیا و توسعۀ ناحیه‌ای، 9(17)، 49-79

8. رهنمایی .ت.، و شاه‌حسینی، پ. (1386). فرآیند برنامه‌ریزی شهرهای ایران. تهران، ایران: سمت

9. زیاری، ک.، محمدی، م.، پوراحمد، ا.، و قالیباف، م. (1391). اولویت‌بخشی به ایمن‌سازی بافت فرسودۀ کلا‌ن‌شهر کرج با استفاده از مدل ارزیابی چندمعیاری. مجلۀ پژوهش‌های جغرافیای انسانی، 79(4)، 1-14

10. زیاری، ک. (1380). توسعۀ پایدار شهری و مسئولیت برنامه‌ریزان شهری. مجلۀ دانشکدۀ ادبیات و علوم انسانی تهران، 24(160)، 372-385

11. شکویی، ح. (1365). اکولوژی اجتماعی، جغرافیای اجتماعی شهرها. تهران، ایران: جهاد دانشگاهی

12. شیعه، ا. (1387). مقدمه‌ای بر مبانی برنامه‌ریزی شهری. تهران، ایران: مرکز دانشگاه علم و صنعت ایران

13. صرافی، م. (1380، اردیبهشت‌ماه). بنیان‌های توسعۀ پایدار. مقاله ارائه‌شده در کنفرانس توسعۀ پایدار: بنیانهای توسعه پایدار شهری. دﻓﺘﺮ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺎت و ﭘﮋوﻫـﺸﻬﺎی راﻫﺒـﺮدی ﺳـﺎزﻣﺎن شهرداری تهران، تهران

14. صرافی، م. (1379). شهر پایدار چیست؟ فصلنامۀ مدیریت و برنامه‌ریزی شهری، 4(8)، 6-13

15. ضیاء‌توانا، م. ح. (1370). محله: بافت و ساختار آن در شهرهای شرق اسلامی. نشریۀ دانشکدۀ علوم زمین، 1(2)، 23-31

16. عزیزی، م. ح. (1385). محلۀ مسکونی پایدار: مطالعۀ موردی نارمک. نشریۀ هنرهای زیبا، 27(3)، 39-51

17. قرخلو، م.، حاتمی‌نژاد، ح.، باغوند، ا.، و یلوه، م. (1392). ارزیابی پایداری توسعۀ شهری با روش جاپای اکولوژیکی؛ نمونه کرمانشاه. فصلنامۀ پژوهش‌های جغرافیای انسانی، 45(2)، 105-120

18. لینچ، ک. (1376). تئوری شکل خوب شهر (ترجمۀ سید حسین بحرینی). تهران، ایران: انتشارات دانشگاه تهران

19. مجتهدزاده، غ. ر. (1378). برنامه ریزی شهری در ایران. تهران، ایران: انتشارات دانشگاه پیام نور

20. موسی‌کاظمی، س. م.، و شکویی، ح. (1381). سنجش پایداری اجتماعی توسعۀ شهر قم. فصلنامۀ پژوهش‌های جغرافیایی 32 (43)، 27-41

21. Armstrong, M. & Baron, A. (2005). Managing performance: Performance management in action. London, England: CIPD publishing

22. Brundtland, G. H. (1987). Report of the World Commission on environment and development:" Our common future" .UN: USA

23. Chiu, R. (2003). Social sustainability and sustainable housing. In R. Forrest & J. Lee (Eds.), Housing and social change: East, west perspectives (pp. 221–239). London: Routledge

24. Ciegis, R. (2009). Darnaus Vystymosi Vertinimas. Taikomoji Ekonomika: Sisteminiai Tyrimai, 3(1), 105-121

25. Enyedi, G. (2002). Social sustainability of large cities. Ekistics-Athens, 69, 142-144

26. Falk, N., & Carley, M. (2012). Sustainable urban neighborhoods Building Communities. Retrieved from www.jrf.org.uk

27. Lietz, K., Bijoux, D., Saville-Smith, K., & Howell, M. (2006). Testing the prototype neighborhood sustainability framework. Report NH102 for Beacon Pathway Limited

28. Maclaren, V. W. (1996). Urban sustainability reporting. Journal of the American Planning Association, 62(2), 184-202

29. Olewiler, N. (2006). Sustainable for urban areas: The role of natural capital indicators. Cities (London, England), 23(3), 184-195

30. World Conservation Union (IUCN), United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), & World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) (1991). Caring for the Earth: A strategy for sustainable living. Switzerland: IUCN & Gland