تاثیر بحران های زیست محیطی دریای خزر بر منافع ملی ج. ا. ایران

پژوهش ‎های جغرافیای سیاسی

مقاله 4، دوره 2، شماره 4 - شماره پیاپی 7، اسفند 1396، صفحه 81-103   

نوع مقاله: مقالات علمی -پژوهشی

شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22067/pg.v2i7.69583

نویسندگان

کاظم رمضانی¹؛ ابراهیم رومینا^{* 2}؛ عمران علیزاده³؛ رحیم سرور⁴

¹دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد علوم وتحقیقات

²دانشگاه تربیت مدرس

³دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی - واحد رشت

⁴دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد علوم و تحقیقات تهران

چکیده

دریای خزر، از بزرگ‌ترین و غنی‌ترین فضاهای آبی بسته جهان است و با دارا بودن موقعیت جغرافیایی خاص خود، از نظر تأثیرات آب و هوایی، حمل و نقل دریایی، توسعه و برنامه‌ریزی صنعت توریسم، صنایع وابسته به شیلات و کشاورزی و دارا بودن منابع مهم نفتی برای پنج کشور ساحلی‌اش دارای اهمیت به سزایی است. این دریا، از یک‌سو به دلیل وجود منابع نفت و گاز که بدون ملاحظات زیست ‌محیطی توسط کشورهای حاشیه‌ای مورد اکتشاف، استخراج و بهره‌برداری قرار می‌گیرد و موجب آلودگی محیط می‌شود و از سوی دیگر به دلیل بهره‌برداری بی‌رویه از منابع زنده و ورود آلاینده‌ها از مراکز صنعتی، پساب‌های کشاورزی و شهری به محیط بسته آن، با بحران‌های زیست‌محیطی روزافزونی روبه‌رو شده است. این پژوهش با روش توصیفی و تحلیلی و با استفاده از داده‌های کتابخانه‌ای و میدانی به تحلیل بحران‌های زیست‌محیطی این حوزه پرداخته و تأثیر این بحران‌ها بر منافع ملی جمهوذی اسلامی ایران را مورد ارزیابی قرار داده است.
نتایج حاصل از این پژوهش نشان می دهد که منافع ملی ایران تحت تاثیر کنشهای اقتصادی و برداشت های بی رویه از منابع زنده و فسیلی، و ورود آلاینده های متعدد از کشورهای پیرامونی ابن دریا قرار گرفته است. بر اساس خروجی مدل تحلیلی بکار رفته در این تحقیق، جهت مقابله با چالش های پیش رو اتخاذ استراتژی محافظه کارانه در سطح ملی، و شکل گیری یک سازمان منطقه ای محیط زیست پایه با محوریت ایران می تواند حائز اهمیت باشد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

دریای خزر؛ محیط‌زیست؛ منافع ملی؛ بحران‌های زیست‌محیطی

مراجع

-Abbasi, Zahra. (2014). Environmental impacts of coastal tourism in the Caspian Sea Sustainable development, The first national conference on sustainable spatial development on the coast of the Caspian Sea,]In Persian[, pp 1160-1140.

-Abdoli, Mohammad Ali, Naser Mehrdadi and Mojtaba Rezazadeh (1393), Waste management system in the coastal strip of Mazandaran province,]In Persian[,Volume 4, Issue 4, pp. 873-861.

-Afshar Sistani, Iraj (2002), "Mazandaran Sea", Bureau of Political and International Studies

-Ahmadipour, Zahra et al. (2005). Northern watery zone of Iran: khazar or Caspian, ]In Persian[ ,Geopolitical Quarterly, First Year, No,1, pp 37-54.

-Alaei Taleghani, Mahmoud (2003), Iranian Geomorphology, Second Edition, Tehran: Ghomes Publications, ]In Persian[.

-Ątaf, Turka.(1999). Caspian Sea Problems and Environmental Issues, Central Asia and Caucasus Studies, Sixth Year, No, 21, pp 115- 123.

-Case, Alexander, et al. (2007). Environmental Law, Jalassum, Translation: Mohammad Hassan Habibi, ]In Persian[, Tehran: Tehran University Press.

-Danhekar, Afshin. (1997). Prevention of the Environmental Crisis in the Caspian Sea, Central Asia and Caucasus Studies, ]In Persian[, No. 25, PP131-136

-Deputy for International Relations Research, Strategic Research Center. (2006). Caspian Sea Environment (requirements of the Tehran Convention, Achievements and Challenges), ]In Persian[, Tehran: Strategic Research Center.

-Dhghan, Fethullah. (2005). Caspian Sea and National Security, ]In Persian[, Publisher: Bashir Cultural and Art Institute of Science and Literature.

-Ghorbani, Rasool, Maryam Baghfalaki and Fardin Shalooi. (2012). Caspian Sea Environment, Publisher : Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources

, ]In Persian[.

-Hafeznia, Mohammad Reza. (2006). Geopolitical Principles and Concepts, ]In Persian[, Mashhad: Papeli Publications.

-Hafeznia, Mohammad Reza. (2010). National Power and Interests (Basics, Concepts and Methods of Measurement), ]In Persian[, Selection Publishing.

-Hafezia, Mohammad Reza and Morad Kaviani Rad. (2014). Philosophy of Political Geography, ]In Persian[, Tehran: Publications: Strategic Studies Research Center.

-Hosseini, Seyyed Rasool and Hamidreza Samvati. (2016). Environmental risk assessment of the Caspian Sea using the AHP and TOPSIS method with nonpermanent crisis and passive management approach, Proceedings of the first national conference on passive defense in the Caspian Sea region, ]In Persian[, Guilan University,PP1-10.

-Kahil,Michael (2008),Environmental and Social Policy,Translation: Hossein Hataminezhad and Sohrab Amiriyan, ]In Persian[, Tehran: Tehran University Press.

-Kolaei, Elaheh. (1996). activation of the Coastal Cooperation Council of the Caspian Sea, a step towards the consolidation of regional peace and security, Central Asia and the Caucasus Studies, ]In Persian[, No. 14. P. 295-285.

-Mostaghimi, Bahram. (2005). Environmental Protection of the Caspian Sea Diplomatic Solutions, ]In Persian[,Tehran: Bureau of Political and International Studies.

-Mottaki, Afshin , et al. (2012). Geopolitical Analysis of the Role and Position of National Interest on Islamism in Turkey's Foreign Policy by Structural Approach, 5th Congress of Iranian Geopolitical Association, Applied Capabilities of Political Geography, Islamic Azad University, Rasht Branch, ]In Persian[, pp. 487-501.

-Muir, Richard.(2000). A New Revenue on Political Geography, Translation: Dareh Mirhayedr with Sayyid Yahya Safavi, ]In Persian[, Tehran: Geographic Organization of the Armed Forces.

-Nasrollah Zadeh, Akbar et al. (20016), Environmental Threat of Oil Spill and Microbial Contamination in the Caspian Sea, First National Conference on Passive Defense in the Caspian Sea, Guilan University, ]In Persian[, pp. 1-7.

-Nasrollah Zadeh, Akbar and Soleiman Mohammadi Laymaei. (2009). Contamination of the freshest freshwater lake in the world and its challenges, Selected articles of the Caspian Sea Area Conference "Challenges and Strategies", Political Science Department, Faculty of Literature and Human Sciences, University of Guilan, ]In Persian[, pp. 203-215.

-Nobakht, Mohammad Bagher (2008), 21st Century Khazar Lake, ]In Persian[, Tehran: Economic Research Group of the Expediency Council.

- Palmer, Joey.(2003). Environmental Education in the 21st Century, ]In Persian[, Translation: Ali Mohammad Khorshid Doust, Tehran: Publication.

-Pourkazemi, Mohammad (2008), Caspian Sea Resources and Environment Convention, Two Central Eurasia Studies, International Center for International Studies, ]In Persian[ ,Faculty of Law and Political Science, Year 1, No. 1, pp. 1-20.

-Qaderi Dehkordi, Mehrdad and Ahmad Azizi (2015), Oil and Gas Resources of the Caspian Sea, Third International Conference on New Advances in Chemistry and Chemical Engineering ,]In Persian[, Tehran: International Federation of Inventors of the World (IFIA), pp. 1-20.

-Varedi, Seyyed Ebrahim. (2011). Research project on environmental pollutants (heavy metals, hydrocarbons, souh refactants and agricultural pesticides on the southern shores of the Caspian Sea Publisher: Iran Fisheries Research Institute, ]In Persian[.

-Yahyizadeh Nijukombari, Masoud (2003), The role and position of Gilan in the maritime trade of Iran, Publications Committee of Management and Planning Organization of Guilan Province, ]In Persian[.

-Zainalabedin,Yousef. (2007).Research project "Geopolitical understanding of environmental issues as emerging phenomena" (Caspian Case Study), Azad University of Rasht, ]In Persian[,

-Zakani, Mohammad. (2013). Summary of the Third "National Report on the Status of the Environment of Iran, 2004-2012",Iran Environmental Protection Agency, ]In Persian[, Tehran: Shahid Beheshti University

.

References (in English)

-Aladin, N and Plotnikov, I. (2004). The Caspian Sea. Lake Basin Management Initiative.

-Belkin Paul, the European Unions Energy Security Challenges, CRS Report for Congress, Congressional Research Service, January 30, 2008, p1-2.

-De Fenffe, G. D. (2003). Storfall kaspisches Meer, http://www.Planet- Wessen.de/STOR

-Finger, K. (2010). Environmental NGOs inWorld Politics, London: Routledge.

-Gang.irandoc.ac.ir.

-Hurrle, A(2008). International Political theory and the Global Environment, in k. Booth and s. Smit(eds), International Relations Theory Tody, Camberige: Polity.

-Karbassi, A.R. (2007). Floccolation Of Trace Metals During Mixing Of Talar River Wat with Caspian Sea Water International Journal Of Environmental Research ,pp66-73.

-kelly,petra.(994).Thinking Green:Essys on Environmentalism,Feminism, and Nonviolence,Berkeley: Parallax Press.

-MacDonald, Gorden J. (1995). "Environmental Security", Policy, University of California.

-Miller, M. (2007). The third World in Global Environmental Politics, Milton Keynse: Open University Press.

-Myers, d. (2009), Environmental and Security op. Cit.Gary Hawes, Theorises of peasant revolution: a critique and contribiution from the united security op. cit.

-Renner,Michael.(1998)."Disarming Implications of the IFD Treating". World Watch Washing D.C.

-Rodman .Bundy. (1996). " Legal Aspects of Protecting the Environment of the Caspian "Review of Europen Community & International Environmental Law,SOAS,No.2.PP122- 139.

-Weisaker, E.U.Von. (2008). Earth Politics (London and New jersey: Zed Books).

-Yukseland. I, M, Dagdeviren. (2007). Using the analytic network process (ANP) in SWOT analysis- a case study a textile firm. Inf , 177, 3364-3382.