Classifying Sustainability of Mashhad Urban Regions to Environmental Hazards Using SIMUS Linear Programming

جغرافیا و مخاطرات محیطی

Article 8, Volume 3, Issue 1 - Serial Number 9, January 2014, Pages 125-141   

Document Type: Research Article

DOI: 10.22067/geo.v3i1.27975

Authors

Adel Sepehr^{* 1}; Rahil Kavian²

¹Ferdowsi University of Mashhad

²University of Birjand

Abstract

1. Introduction
Urban development on vulnerable areas is main problem in recent years due to catastrophic responses of geosystems such as fault activity, flood and many geomorphological hazards following equilibrium changes of geosystems. Mashhad, the second metropolitan of Iran, with population over 3 million, according to existence shrine of Emam Reza, welfare facilities and educational centers, have been caused high immigration in recent decades and over constructions in vulnerable areas.
Urban development on alluvial fans, faults lines, high risk of subsidence, also land use changes, water and air pollutions are main factors that intensify environmental hazards for this city.
Applying ranking and outranking methods, statistical algorithms, linear programming and multi-criteria decision making methods are some approaches for choosing criteria affecting urban development.
Linear programming is the process of taking various linear inequalities relating to some situation, and finding the "best" value obtainable under those conditions.
More formally, linear programming is a technique for the optimization of a linear objective function, subject to linear equality and linear inequality constraints. Its feasible region is a convex polyhedron, which is a set defined as the intersection of finitely many half spaces, each of which is defined by a linear inequality. Its objective function is a real-valued affine function defined on this polyhedron. A linear programming algorithm finds a point in the polyhedron where this function has the smallest (or largest) value if such a point exists.
In this study, the SIMUS methodology, Sequential Interactive Model for Urban Sustainability, was used for mapping environmental hazards. SIMUS develops a methodology to work with subjective criteria, something that is not allowed in the conventional LP method.
The main goal of this research is mapping environmental hazards susceptibility of urban region of Mashhad metropolitan based on linear programming algorithm and presenting sustainable strategies based on the susceptibility severity.
2- Study Area
Metropolis of Mashhad, the centre of Khorasan Razavi Province, with an area of 204 Km2 located in the North East of Iran, surrounded between mountain ranges of Binalud and Hezar Masjed. This city is second metropolitan of Iran, absorbed more than 30 million tourist per year, so has main social-economic role.
3- Material and Methods
In the first step, four geomorphological criteria including, flooding, fault, seismic risk, and liquefaction, also five environmental criteria including water pollution, air pollution, population density, land use alterations and informal settlements have been selected based on Delphi algorithm and expert’s opinions. In the next step, using SIMUS algorithm, was determined the sustain degree and susceptibility of urban regions to environmental hazards. SIMUS simultaneously considers both qualitative and quantitative values, with any number of thresholds, with lower and upper limits for each criterion, and with any number of alternatives and criteria, and can produce an objective ranking of alternatives. The objective function in the linear algorithm was considered maximum and thresholds selected by mean amount. Ultimately accordingly susceptibility degree, strategies of increasing green space, determining urban boundary, resisting building, combating land use changes, traffic control, immigration control were selected.
4-Results and discussion
simus considers simultaneously all the criteria, and recognizes the best combination of trade-offs between projects and criteria In other words, simus ranked the alternatives in accordance with their compliance with the objective, which is gauged by the criteria. The results show that urban region of 1, Samen and 9 gain maximum susceptibility to hazards. In front, the region of 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 10 and 11 have minimum susceptibility degree. The plan of immigration control, resisting building, determining urban boundary and increasing green space should consider for sustainable development programs.
Also the results indicated that determining city border to urban development in safe areas is needed for second metropolitan of Iran, Mashhad. Attention to geomorphology concepts is fundamental element to build settlements.
5- Conclusion
Urban development must be planned base on land suitability and capability in each area. These indices determine environmental potential of an area to development programs and choosing best land use. Decision making and utility theory are methods to select regions for urban development.
SIMUS has the ability to select only one project among several, which is then the optimum, or can also make a ranking of projects. According to the SIMUS results and susceptibility map of urban areas to the environmental hazards, the urban management of the region 1, 9 and Samen are important, also land use management and immigration control plans have high preference in urban management of Mashhad.

Keywords

SIMUS; Environmental hazards; susceptibility; Sustainability; Mashhad

References

حسین‌زاده، سید رضا، خسروی بیگی، رضا، ایستگلدی، مصطفی، شمس الدینی، رضا؛ 1390. ارزیابی پایداری زیست محیطی در نواحی شهری با استفاده از فن تصمیم‌گیری چند معیاره تخصیص خطی (مطالعهٔ موردی: شهر بندر ترکمن). چشم‌انداز جغرافیایی (مطالعات انسانی)، شماره 16.

شریفی کیا، محمد، مال امیری، نعمت، شایان، سیاوش؛ 1392. سنجش آسیب پذیری سکونتگاه ها و تاسیسات از مخاطره مورفولوژیکی فرونشست در بخشی از جنوب شهر تهران. جغرافیا و مخاطرات محیطی، شماره 5.

شمسی‌پور، علی اکبر و همکاران؛ 1391. تحلیل آسیب‌پذیری محیطی حریم شهر کرج با استفاده از روش تحلیل سلسله مراتبی. پژوهش‌های آبخیزداری، شماره 95.

رحمتی، صفرقائد؛ حیدری‌نژاد، نسیم؛ 1388. گسترش فیزیکی شهرها و ضرورت تعیین حریم امن شهری

(نمونه: شهر اصفهان). فصلنامه جغرافیا و مطالعات محیطی، شماره 1.

زارعی، پروین، رامشت، محمدحسین؛ 1391. شاخص‌های محیطی مؤثر در توسعهٔ فیزیکی شهر قروه. چهارمین کنفرانس برنامه‌ریزی و مدیریت شهری.

عابدی، قدرت؛ 1388. بررسی بلایا و نقش آن در توسعهٔ پایدار با تأکید بر ایران. سپهر، شماره 28.

عسکریزاده، سید محمد، محمدنیا قرائی، سهراب، ظهور، مجتبی؛ 1389. برنامه‌ریزی مدیریت بلایا و مخاطرات محیطی در راستای توسعهٔ پایدار. مجموعه مقالات چهارمین کنگره بین‌المللی جغرافیدانان جهان اسلام.(ICIWG 2019)

فتحعلی، جعفر، میرجلیلی، فرشته‌السادات؛ 1388. مکان‌یابی فرودگاه استان سمنان با استفاده از روش‌های تاپسیس و مکان‌یابی مرکز. پژوهشنامه حمل و نقل، شماره 4.

کرم، امیر، محمدی، اعظم؛ 1388. ارزیابی و پهنه‌بندی تناسب زمین برای توسعه فیزیکی شهر کرج و اراضی پیرامونی بر پایهٔ فاکتورهای طبیعی و روش فرآیند تحلیل سلسله مراتبی (AHP)، فصلنامه جغرافیای طبیعی، شماره 4.

لطفی، حیدر، زیاری، یوسفعلی، صادقی، بابک؛ 1389. بررسی مکان‌یابی دفع پسماندها با روش برنامه‌ریزی خطی در محیط GIS (مطالعهٔ موردی: نواحی از استان خراسان رضوی). فصلنامه جغرافیایی سرزمین، شماره 26.

نسترن، مهین، ابوالحسنی، فرحناز، ایزدی، ملیحه؛ 1389. کاربرد تکنیک تاپسیس در تحلیل و اولویت‌بندی توسعهٔ پایدار مناطق شهری مطالعهٔ موردی: مناطق شهری اصفهان. مجله جغرافیا و برنامه‌ریزی محیطی شماره 38(2).

Abdi, A., Naseri Alavi, M. P., Mobasheri, H., 2013. Allocation of CNG stations in urban street Networks based on GIS approach and Prioritization with AHP and Topsis methods (case study: Rasht city). Research Journal of Applied Sciences, Engineering and Technology 5 12, 3262-3272.

Abedi, G., 2009. Investigation of disasters and role on sustainable development considering Iran. Sepehr 28, 12-21.

Askarizadeh, S. M., Gharai, M. S., Zohour, M., 2010. Planning of disaster management and environmental hazards to sustainable development. In: Proceeding of ICIWG, pp. 104-113.

Fatali, J., Mirjalili, F., 2009. Place selection of Semnan airport using TOPSIS and center methods. Transportation Researches 4, 24-35.

Feng, C. C., Chan, H. W., 2004. Application of AHP in Decision-Making on urban land use: A case study of CHAO-HU city development inChina. International Journal of Construction Management 3 5, 93-110.

Ghed Rahmati, S., Heidarinejad, N., 2009. Physical development of cities and necessity of cities border determining (case study: Isfahan city). Geography and environmental studies 1, 43-54.

Han, Y., Huang, Y.F., Wang, G.Q., 2011. A Multi-objective Linear Programming model with interval parameters for water resources allocation Dalian city, Water Resource Manage 25, 449-463.

Hongrui, W., Yuanyuan, G., Qiong, L., Jinxi, S., 2010. Land use allocation based on interval Multi-objective Linear Programming model: A case study of Pi County in Sichuan province. China Geography Science 20 2, 176-183.

Hosseinzadeh, S. R., Khosravi Beigi, R., Istagladi, M., Shamsoddini, R., 2011. Assessment of environmental stability in urban areas using linear multi criteria decision techniques (case study: Bandar Torkaman). Landscape Geography 16, 31-51.

Huang, G. H., Sae-Lim, N., Liu, L., Chen, Z., 2001. An interval-parameter fuzzy-stochastic programming approach for municipal solid waste management and planning. Environmental Modeling and Assessment 6, 271-283.

Jafari, H.R., Rafii, Y., Ramezani Mehrian, M., Nasiri, H., 2012. Urban landfill site selection using AHP and SAW in GIS environment (case study: Kohkiluye-o-Boyer Ahmad province, Iran), Journal of Environmental Studies 61, 71-84.

Karam, A., Mohammadi, A., 2009. Assessment and zoning of land suitability for physical development of Karaj city and marginal areas based on natural factors and AHP method. Physical Geography 4, 51-63.

Lotfi, H., Ziyari, Y. A., Sadeghi, B., 2010. Investigation of sewage disposal by linear programming on GIS environment (case study: Khorasan Razavi). Land 26, 18-31.

Nastaran, M., Abolhasani, F., Izadi, M., 2010. Application of TOPSIS techniques for analysis and priority of sustainable development in Isfahan regions city. Geography and Environmental Planning 38 2, 47-61.

Nigim, K., Munier, N., Green, J., 2004. pre-feasibility MCDM tools to aid communities in prioritizing local viable renewable energy sources. Renewable Energy 29, 1775-1791.

Shadparvar, V., Torkashvand, A. M, Hashemabadi, D., 2013. Ranking of urban landscape using with analytic hierarchy process technique (case study: Rasht neighborhood parks). Advances in Applied Science Research 4 1, 273-276.

Shamsipoor, A. A., Feizi, V., Rezai Rad, H., 2012. Analyzing environmental vulnerability of Karaj city border using AHP. Watershed Management Researches 95, 91-104.

Sharifikia, M., Malmiri, N., Shayan, S., 2013. Settlement and infrastructure vulnerability assessment due to land subsidence geomorphological hazard in part of South Tehran. Geography and Environmental Hazards 2 5, 32-45.

Vrscaj, B., Poggio, L., Marsan, F.A., 2008. A method for soil environmental quality evaluation for management and planning in urban areas. Landscape and urban planning 88, 81-94.

Yang, Y., Ma, J., 2010. Study on Risk Zoning Technology of Major Environmental RiskSources in Urban Scale and Its Application in Shanghai, China. Environmental Sciences 2, 1050-1062.

Zarei, P., Ramesht, M. H., 2012. Environmental parameters affecting development of Ghorveh city. In: Proceeding of 4th conference on urban planning and management, pp. 121-128.