| تعداد نشریات | 52 |
| تعداد شماره‌ها | 2,092 |
| تعداد مقالات | 21,681 |
| تعداد مشاهده مقاله | 79,893,973 |
| تعداد دریافت فایل اصل مقاله | 25,554,655 |
The Effects of Social Capital in Economic Diversity of Rural Households ) Case Study: Zarin Dasht Dehestan- Darrehshahr County) | ||
| Journal of Research and Rural Planning | ||
| مقاله 2، دوره 5، شماره 4 - شماره پیاپی 16، اردیبهشت 2017، صفحه 1-15 اصل مقاله (1.38 M) | ||
| نوع مقاله: علمی | ||
| شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22067/jrrp.v5i4.49243 | ||
| نویسندگان | ||
| Behrouz Mohammadi Yeganeh1؛ Mahdi Cheraghi2؛ Afsaneh Yaripour* 1 | ||
| 1University of Zanjan | ||
| 2Uuniversity of Tehran | ||
| چکیده | ||
| Extended abstract 1. INTRODUCTION The area under study has several problems such as deficits in household spending, the high ratio of illiteracy and unemployment, the high number of children, the mistrust between villagers and so that these problems have created some obstacles on the way of rural development in the district. Identify and analyze the issues and introduce proper solutions to eliminating or at least blur of effects including a thriving agricultural sector, optimal use of the potential of rural areas, the effects of participation in rural development programs on welfare, social security, stabilizing population growth in these areas, and the rural development in the respective county to follow. Results livelihoods could include more income, increased well-being of life, reduce vulnerabilities, reduce inequality, improve food security, environmental sustainability with sustainable use of natural resources that will improve the value and human dignity. Considering the role of social capital in a variety of rural households living, the present study seeks to answer the following questions: 1. What is the relationship between social capital and economic diversification? 2. On which of the dimensions of sustainable livelihoods does the social capital have the most effects? 2. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK Social capital includes aspects of social structure that facilitate social action and resources at their disposal to achieve their goals affect people. Barrett believes that social capital plays an important role in the diversification of the rural economy, contributing to the disaster, the optimal distribution of resources and facilities and resources, reducing production costs, increasing labor productivity and poverty reduction in rural areas, which is followed by an increase in quality of life and improvement in the economic situation so that the inhabitants eventually led to geographical consolidation of the villagers in their areas. The basic parameters are included in the definition of social capital, which includes norms, networks and trust. Trust is an important variable of social capital at the macro level to measure public confidence tends; at the micro level, more specific variables and trust among groups and individuals in organizations is measured. Adoption of diverse ways of living and incomes among rural households may be due to certain circumstances, but that would be sustainable livelihoods when the stresses, pressures and shocks cope and recover. And assets now and in the future, be prevented from undermining the natural resource base. Strategy of sustainable livelihoods in the late 1980s, the World Commission on Environment and Development in order to progress and poverty alleviation of rural communities came into existence. Sustainable Livelihoods focused on the different ways that people choose to achieve their livelihood. This is common especially in poor and rural communities where many people earn money to line by from different activities instead of having a steady job. 3. METHODOLOGY The aim of this study is descriptive - analytic. To collect the data, documents and field surveys (including questionnaires, observation, interviews) in a sample (Zarrin Dasht Dehestan) is used. According to Cochran formula, sample of 257 households was obtained. Also, selected households in each village, are random, to observe the principle of equal opportunity to be selected households. To analyze the data, descriptive statistics (frequency, mean, standard deviation) and inferential statistics (T single-sample correlation coefficients and path analysis) are used. To check the status of social capital in four dimensions and 31 questions, 23 questions for sustainable livelihoods and using the Likert scale (from 1 to 5) is designed. The reliability of study was calculated using Cronbach's alpha which indicates the high confidence factor is 88/0. The independent variable of this study, social capital and the dependent variable were also considered sustainable livelihoods. 4. DISCUSSION Most frequent application vendors responded the male, the average age of the respondents is equal to 4.51 years; average household size of 2.4 person and the highest literacy levels are related to the primary with 28.4 percent. Statements of of each index such comments were measured, and the average amount of social trust people 74.2, 80.2 the turnout, and the cohesion of people 96.2, 93.2 evaluated the peer network with people and institutions, as well as sustainable livelihoods average was 75.2. To study the relation between social capital and sustainable livelihoods in the villages using Pearson correlation coefficient was used. The results of this relationship represents a significant and positive relationship between social capital and sustainable livelihoods villages of the study. Due to the correlation coefficient (0.596) and significant at 99% is obtained, we can say there is a correlation between the two variables of social capital and sustainable livelihoods, and this is a positive correlation. Since the of this relationship is positive estimate indicates there is a direct relationship between increased social capital and sustainable livelihoods. It can be said that the higher the total social capital, the sustainable livelihoods of rural households has also increased. 5. CONCLUSION Our findings show that, alongside increasing their social capital with the help local people and institutions (Dehyariha, village Islamic Consultative, etc.) the role and function of government can have no effect. The government could somehow open the way to climb up the social capital in rural areas. Social capital through the establishment of coordination and communication between other types investments such as financial capital, Natural and humanin the form of a network of based relations mutual trust and partnerships among individuals, provides context to achieve common benefits. | ||
| کلیدواژه‌ها | ||
| Rural Development؛ community involvement؛ diversity of livelihoods؛ Ilam Province | ||
| مراجع | ||
|
1. Afrakhteh, H., Aziza, A., & Mehr Alitabar firozjani, M. (1393/2014). The role of social capital on rural development in chahardangeh county. Journal Geographic Sciences Research, 20(2), 27-45. [In Persian]
2. Akhtar Mohagheghi, M. (1385/2006). Social capital (1st Ed.). Tehran, Iran: Publisher M. Akhtar Mohagheghi. [In Persian]
3. Attar, C. (1391/2012).The Theoretical foundations of social capital(Check the status of social capital in Lran). Yazd, Iran: Yazd University Press. [In Persian]
4. Barrett, c. (2008). Dynamic poverty traps and rural livelihoods. In rural livelihoods and poverty reduction poverty policies, London, England: Routledge.
5. Bhandari, R. B., Okada, N., Yokomatsu, M., Ikeo, H. (2010). Building a Disaster Resilient Community through Ritual Based social Capital: A Brief Analysis of Finding from the Case Study of Kishiwada. Annuals of Disaster Prevntion, Kyoto Univ., (53B), 137 -148.
6. Blaikie, P. Cannon, T. Davis, I. and Wisner, B. (2005) AT RISK: Natural hazards, people’s vulnerability, and disasters. Journal of Homeland Security and Emergency Management, 2(2), 4.
7. Brocklesby, A., & Fisher, E. (2003). Community development in sustainable livelihoods approaches-an introduction. Community Development, 38(3), 185-198.
8. Chambers, R., & Conway, G. (1992). Sustainable rural livelihoods: practical concepts for the 21st century, (No. IDS Discussion Paper 296). Brighton: Institute of Development Studies (UK).
9. Chuang Y.C., Chuang K.Y. (2008). Gender differences in relationships between social capital and individual smoking and drinking behavior in Taiwan. Social science and Medicine. 3, 1321- 1330.
10. Cicognani, E., Pirini, C., Keyes, C., Joshanloo, M., Rostami, R., & Nosratabadi, M. (2008). Social participation, sense of community and social well-being: A study on American, Italian and Iranian university students. Social Indicators Research, 89(1), 97-112.
11. Conroy, C., Litvinoff, M. (1988). The greening of aid: Sustainable livelihoods in practice. London, England: Earthscan Publications Limited.
12. DFID, U. K. (1999a). Sustainable Livelihoods Guidance Sheets. London, England: DFID.
13. DFID, U. K. (1999b). Sustainable livelihoods guidance sheets, depatment for international development, United Kingdom. Government United Kingdom. Retrieved 22 March 2015 from http://www.ennonline.net/ pool/files /ife/dfid-sustainablelivelihoods- guidance-sheet-section1.pdf.
14. Einali, J., Farahani, H., & Jafari, N. (1393/2014). Assessment role of social capital in mitigating the effects of the earthquake disaster in county Sajasrod- khodabande County. Journal Applied Research of Geographic Sciences, 23(3), 93-115. [In Persian]
15. Ellis, F. (1998). Survey article: Household strategies and rural livelihood diversification. Journal of Deuelopmenf Studies, 7, 1-38.
16. Ellis, F. (1999). Rural livelihood diversity in developing countries: Evidence and policy implications. Natural Resource perspectives, (40), 24-32.
17. Ellis, F. (2000a). Rural livelihoods and diversity in developing countries. New York, USA: Oxford University Press.
18. Ellis, F. (2000b). The Determinants of rural livelihood diversification in developing countries. Journal of Agricultural Economics, 51(2), 289-302.
19. Falk, I., & Kilpatrick, S. (2000). What is social capital? A study of interaction in a rural community. Sociologia Ruralis, 40(1), 87-110.
20. Farahani, H., Abdoli, S., & Cheraghi, M. (1391/2012). Assessment effects of social capital in the development of rural ereas with an emphasis on quality of life (Case study: Mashhad Meighan villages of Arak county). Journal of Regional Planning, 2(8), 67-78. [In Persian]
21. Farrington, J., Carney, D., Ashley, C., & Turton, C. (1999). Sustainable livelihhods in practice: early applications of concepts in rural areas (Vol. 42, pp. 1-2). London: ODI Natural Resource Perspectives.
22. Filizm, G. (2007). From migrant social capital to community development: A relational account of migration, remittances and inequality. Princeton University, the World Bank, Washington
23. Fouracre, P. (2001). Transport and sustainable rural Livelihoods. Retrieved 15 April 2015 from http://www.transport-links.org/rtkb/English/Module%205/5-3a%20Sustainable%20Livelihoods.pdf.
24. Fukuyama, F. (1379/2000). End of regulation. (GH. A. Tavassoli, Trans.). Tehran: Iranian society press. [In Persian]
25. Geran, J. M. (2000). Social capital and coping with crisis: A theoretical framework linking social networks and sustainable livelihoods. For Growth, Crisis and Resilience: Household Responses to Economic Change in Rural Southeast Asia: Evidence from Northern Thailand, Working Paper, (1).
26. Grootaert, C. (1999). Social capital, household welfare, and poverty in Indonesia. Local Level Institutions Study.
27. Hossein Mohammadi, M., & Hayati, D. (1388/2009). Social capital is the missing link for rural development in lran. Third Congress of Agricultural Extension and education Sciences, Mashhad, Iran. [In Persian]
28. Iiyama, M., Kariuki, P., Kristjanson, P., Kaitibie, S. & Maitima, J. (2008). Livelihood diversification strategies, incomes and soil management strategies: A case study from Kerio Valley, Kenya. Journal of International Development, 20(3), 380-397.
29. Jomaehpour, M., & Ahmadi, SH. (1390/2011). Impact of tourism on sustainable rural livelihood (case study: Barghan village, Savjabalagh county). Journal of Rural Researches, 31(6), 33-63. [In Persian]
30. Jomaehpour, M., & Qiumars, N. (1391/2012). Assessment the effects of tourism on assets and people livelihood activities in Tourism sustainable livelihoods framework (case study: Zyiarat village). Journal of Management Studies – Research Tourism, 32(7), 87-119. [In Persian]
31. Khatun, D., & Roy, B. C. (2012). Rural livelihood diversification in West Bengal: determinants and constraints. Agricultural Economics Research Review, 25(1), 115-124.
32. Khammar, GH., Esmaeilzadeh kavakebi, A., & Baratpor, A. (1390/2011). Assess the spatial distribution of social spatial in urban areas using techniques Topsis & GIS.case study : Areas of Quchan city. Geographical Studies of Arid Zones, 18(2): 95-112. [In Persian]
33. Kilpatrick, S. (2003). The role of VET in building social capital for rural community development in Australia. Centre for Research and Learning in Regional Australia.
34. Kirori, G. N. (2015). Social capital and pablic policy: Case of rural livelihoods. European Journal of Business, Economics and Accountancy, ISSN 2056-6018.
35. Krantz, L. (2001). The sustainable livelihood approach to poverty reduction. SIDA. Division for Policy and Socio-Economic Analysis.
36. Lane, B., & Dorfman, D. (1997). Strengthening community networks: The basis for sustainable community renewal. Northwest Regional Educational Laboratory.
37. Lyon, F. (2000). Trust, networks and norms: The creation of social capital in agricultural economies in Ghana. Journal of World Development, 28(4), 668-681.
38. Manzor, D., & Yadipour, M. (1387/2008). Social capital Factors of socio-economic development. Rahborde Yas, 15, 140-162. [In Persian]
39. Mohammadi Yeganeh, B., Cheraghi, M., & Saiedy, N. (1393/2014). Analysis of Factors affecting the development of rural tourism with an emphasis on social capital (Case study: Dastjard Rural district). First National Conference on New Prospects for empowerment and sustainable development, architecture, construction, tourism, energy and environment, urban and rural (30 Julay). Hamadan, Iran. [In Persian]
40. Motiei-e-Langroodi, H., Norbaksh, M., & Akbarpour Serskanrood, M. (1391/2012). The role of social capital in rural development (case study: Khvorjestan village in the Central District of Hashtrood county). National Conference on Rural Development (pp. 1-9), Gilan University, Rasht, Iran. [In Persian]
41. Navabaksh, M., & Fadavy, J. (1387/2008). Check the dimension of social capital and its role in urban development. (Case study: Zone study 5 of Tehran city). Social Science Research, 20(5), 27-47. [In Persian]
42. Papzan, A., Aliabadi, V., & Abasizadeh Ghanavati, M. S. (1390/2011). Impact of ICT Cultivation rural offices on rural Social capital wite comparative approach. Research of Agricultural Extension and Education, 4(4), 84-94. [In Persian]
43. Ritchie, L. A., & Gill, D. A. (2011). The Role of Community Capitals in Disaster Recovery Paper Presented at the PERI Symposium: Community Recovery from Disaster. Retrieved March, 24, 2011.
44. Roknoldin-e-Eftekhari, A. (1385/2006). The prospects for rural development in Iran the intellectual foundations of requirements and perquisites. Journal of Economy & Society, 23(2), 120-153. [In Persian]
45. Roknoldin-e-Eftekhari, A., Mosavi, S. M., Pourtaheri, M., & Farajzadehasl, M. (1393/2014). Analyze the role of diversity in the resilience of rural households living in drought conditions (case study: Drought-prone regions of Isfahan province). Journal of Rural Research, 5(3), 639-662. [In Persian]
46. Sabori, M. (1377/1998). Foundations of Social Theory. (J. Coleman, Trans.). Tehran: Nei press. [In Persian]
47. Salmani, M., Taghipur, F., Ramezanzadeh Lasboiy, M., & Jalili Parvaneh, Z. (1389/2010). Check the dimensions of social capital in rural development (Case study: Villages Baghestan & Boroun- city Ferdous). Journal Professional of Social Sciences Islamic Azad University of Shushtar Branch, 22(3), 19-40. [In Persian]
48. Scoones, I. (1998). Sustainable rural livelihoods: a framework for analysis. IDS working paper No.72.IDS. Brighton.
49. Serrat, O. (2008). The sustainable livelihoods approach. Manila: ADB.
50. Shen, F. (2009). Tourism and the sustainable livelihoods approach: application within the Chinese context (Doctoral dissertation, Lincoln University). Lincoln University
51. Shojaaei Baghini, M. M. (1387/2008). Conceptual Foundations of social capital (1th Ed.). Tehran, Iran: Publishurs Cultural Studies and Social Research Institute. [In Persian]
52. Simpson, M. C. (2009). An integrated approach to assess the impacts of tourism on community development and sustainable livelihoods. Community Development Journal. 44(2), 186-208.
53. Smith, D. R., Gordon, A., Meadows, K., & Zwick, K. (2001). Livelihood diversification in Uganda: patterns and determinants of change across two rural districts. Food Policy, 26(4), 421-435.
54. Spellerberg, A. (2001). Framework for the measurement of social capital in New Zealand. Wellington: Statistics New Zealand.
55. Stavere. I. V. (2002). Social Capital: What is in it for feminist Economics? IAFFE Conference. Los Angeles. 12-14 July.
56. Tao, T. C., & Wall, G. (2009). Tourism as a sustainable livelihood strategy. Tourism management, 30(1), 90-98.
57. Thieme, S. (2006). Social networks and migration: Far West Nepalese labour migrants in Delhi (Vol. 7). LIT Verlag Münster, Department of Geography, University of Zurich, Winter 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland.
58. Van Kien, N. (2011). Social capital, livelihood diversification and household resilience to annual flood events in the Vietnamese Mekong River Delta (No. rr2011122). Economy and Environment Program for Southeast Asia (EEPSEA).
59. Winters, P., Corral, L., & Gordillo, G. (2001). Rural livelihood strategies and social capital in Latin America: Implications for rural development projects. University of New England, Graduate School of Agricultural and Resource Economics.
60. World Bank. (2007). World development report 2008: Agriculture for development. World Bank, Washington, DC. | ||
|
آمار تعداد مشاهده مقاله: 13,866 تعداد دریافت فایل اصل مقاله: 1,232 |
||