Enlightenment Movement and the Change of Collective Behavior in Afghanistan

پژوهش نامه ایرانی سیاست بین الملل

Article 12, Volume 8, Issue 2 - Serial Number 16, June 2020, Pages 293-323   

Document Type: مقالات

DOI: 10.22067/ijip.v8i2.76379

Authors

naser yosefzehy^* ; morteza mendhadi

Associate professor of political science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad

Abstract

The shape and form of social action in post-Taliban Afghanistan is different than that of the past. Government repression, militarism and the religious politics used to dominate Afghanistan in the Taliban era. However, the recently formed EnlightenmentMovement (2016) follows a peaceful approach to achieve its demands. Understanding this movement requires a basic knowledge of the modern dynamics of the political sociology of Afghanistan. This economic movement was the response of Hazara ethnicity to the shift of the electricity transmission line from Bamyan to Salang. This research investigates the background of peaceful occurrence of the Enlightenment Movement and its consequences. According to our hypothesis, democracy and modernization in Afghanistan have paved the way for the emergence of civil movements such as the Enlightenment. The hypothesis has been tested based on the collective behavior theory of Smelser. According to the findings, the increasing demand for economic justice and political participation by ethnic and religious minorities is a result of democracy in Afghanistan. Consequently, economic movements and peaceful competition over the fair distribution of energy resources (wealth) are a new form of collective action in post-Taliban Afghanistan.

Keywords

Afghanistan; Social Movement; Democracy; Enlightenment Movement

References

 

Referances

Afghanistan's economy ministry. (2011). Brief information on the provinces of   Afghanistan. Kabul: Ministry of Afghanistan economy. (In Persian)

Afghanistan's Justice Ministry. (2002). The law of communities, strikes and protests in Afghanistan. available at: moj.gov.af/en/news/44378. (in Persian)

Afzali M. A. (1989). The liberation movement and the nature of Amani's government. Kabul: science academy of republic of Afghanistan. (in Persian)

Ahmadi, M. U. (2004). The new constitution of Afghanistan and the position of Shiites in it. Journal of Shi'ite studies, (6), 179-202. (in Persian)

Ajroddin, H. (2011). From constitutional movement to constitutional government in Afghanistan. Kabul: publication of Maiwand. (in Persian)

Arvin, A. (2017). Enlightenmentmovement from Dehmazang to Arg. available at: www.bbc.com/persian/afghanistan-40707454. (in Persian)

Baktash, A. A. (2016). The project of Tutap was suspended. available at: 8am.af/x8am/1395/02/27/afghanistan-project-tutta-2. (in Persian)

Chesters, G., & Velsh, I. (2015). Social movements: key concepts. translated by Narges Hasanali. Tehran: publication of Amir Kabir. (in Persian)

Danesh, S. (2012). The Basic Rights of Afghanistan. Kabul: Avicenna's Higher Education. (in Persian)

Deutsche Welle News. (2016). The enlightenmentmovement: the international delegation should investigate Kabul attacks. available at: p.dw.com/p/1JWgC. (in Persian)

Grau, B. (2016). Supporting women's movement in Afghanistan: challenges of activism in a fragile context, Journal of Gender & Development, 24 (3), 409-426.

Griffin, M. (2001). Reaping the whirlwind: the Taliban movement in Afghanistan. London: Pluto Press.

Habibi, A. (1984). Constitutional movement in Afghanistan. Kabul: governmental committee of Afghanistan's publications. (in Persian)

Hashemi, S. (2004). The first book on the constitutional movement in Afghanistan. Mashhad: publication of Sonboleh. (in Persian)

Hosseini, A., & Feizi, N. (2010). A look at the new composition of Afghanistan's Parliament. Kabul: institute for parliamentary studies. (in Persian)

Kavari, H. (2016). Unknown enlightenmentmovement. available at: 8am.af/x8am/1395/05/04/jonbesh-roshanaey-preotest. (in Persian)

Koohsar, Y. (1988). The Hazara and shia movement in Afghanistan. Kabul: publication of Maiwand. (in Persian)

Manshadi, M. (2016). The enlightenment movement: opportunities and challenges. available at:

khorasannews.com/Newspaper/MobileBlock?NewspaperBlockID=538466. (in Persian)

Mohagheq Daykondi, M. A. (2006). The role of shiites in the past three decades. Journal of Safir, (3), 50- 130. (in Persian)

Mohaghi, M.; Mohaghi, M. K., & Mohaghi, M. M. (2014). Women's rights of Shiite minority in Afghanistan laws. The first international congress of religious culture and thought. (in Persian)

Moshirzadeh, H. (2002). A theoretical introduction to social movements. Tehran: Imam Khomeini research center and islamic revolution. (in Persian)

Mousavi, A. (1884). The military occupation of Afghanistan and the islamic movement of resistance; banners and solutions. Journal of Gamoos, (5), 329-342. (in Persian)

Mousavi, F. (2016). The second demonstration of the enlightenment movement and the issue of participation. available at:

 www.jomhornews.com/en/article/82599/. (in Persian)

Naseri, A. (1992). The history of the reform movement in Afghanistan. Journal of Mahrefat, (3), 51-57. (in Persian)

Nazari, N. A. (2006). Afghanistan's shiites; cultural challenges and opportunities. Journal of Shi'ite Studies, (14), 189-212. (in Persian)

Nouri, Q. (2016). The creative initiative; the enlightenment movement launched the second virtual demonstration. available at:

 khabarnama.net/blog/2016/08/20/enlightenment-movement-attack-on-un-official-fb-fan-page/. (in Persian)

Population below poverty line in Afghanistan (2018). available at: world-statistics.org.

Rastegar, A. (2010). Contemporary islamic movement and public law. Tehran: publication of Payan. (in Persian)

Rezvani, R. A. (2016). Brightness of enlightenment movement. available at: 8am.af/x8am/1395/02/29/tutap-project-afghanistan-preotest. (in Persian)

Sahadat, A., & Ghavvammaleki, H. R. (2015). Deliberation on the theoretical foundations of social gaps and movements. Isfahan: publication of Kankash. (in Persian)

Scott, A. (2007). Political culture and social movements. Translation by Ramin, Karimiyan. Tehran: publication of Aqah. (in Persian)

Shirshahir, A. (2017). Findings of the finding-truth commission of 500 kV electricity. available at: habarnama.net/blog/2017/12/06/bamyan-route-is-best-for-the-tutap-project. (in Persian)

Shirshahir, A. (2018). Two years after a fatal attack on the enlightenment movement; a lasting civil movement but with a critical leadership. available at: khabarnama.net/blog/2018/07/24/2-years-after-bloody-attack-on-junbish-roshani-2. (in Persian)

Smelser, N. (2001). The theory of collective behavior. Translated by Reza, Dezhakam. Tehran: The institute of Yaftehhay Novin. (in Persian)

Soheil, S. (2016). The enlightenment movement and the lack of political foresight. available at: 8am.af/x8am/1395/05/04/light-movement-and-lack-of-foresight-political-jonbesh-roshanaey/. (in Persian)

The office of Afghanistan presidency (2016). Signing of an agreement on the extension of the Dooshi-Bamyan line of electricity. available at: president.gov.af/fa/6/06/19. (in Persian)

Vaezi, H. (2016). The enlightenment movement; challenges and opportunities. available at: farasu.net/?p=234. (in Persian)

Vaezi, M. (2011). Political crises and social movements in the Middle East: theories and trends. Tehran: political and international studies office. (in Persian)

Vafaee, M. (2016). The enlightenment movement; negotiation or continuation of protests? available at: 8am.af/x8am/1395/03/02/tutap-project-Afghanistan-protest. (in Persian)

Zahmatkesh, Hosein & Shafaee, A. (2014). The political currents of the Hazaras and the impact of the islamic revolution of Iran on it. Journal of
islamic revolution research, 3(9), 187-212. (in Persian)