Analyzing Depression in the Poems of Abdullah al-Baradouni Using MMPI-2

زبان و ادبیات عربی

Article 5, Volume 9, Issue 17, August 2017, Pages 201-231   

Document Type: research article

DOI: 10.22067/jall.v8i17.48059

Authors

Mostafa Mahdavi Ara^* ; Hossein Shareh

Hakim Sabzevari University

Abstract

Extended Abstract
1. Introduction
Psychoanalytic criticism, as a link between the two disciplines of psychology and literature, strives to assay literary works from its point of view and provide answers to such questions as how a literary work can depict the characteristics and (personality) traits of its creator. Sigmund Freud and adherents to his school of thought believe that literary works and works of art are mental and psychological documentations of artists' characters and, through them, one can deeply analyze a scholar and his psychological status, revealing his mental illnesses.
2. Theoretical Framework
Severe depression is a neurotic phenomenon and a prevalent emotional illness which causes one not to enjoy life. In fact, the depressed person is inflicted with a type of despair which negatively affects his social and personal relations. People suffering from this illness usually feel depressed, unhappy and bored. They are pessimistic and feel hopeless about the future. They might even talk of committing suicide and report physical complaints, sleep disorders, nightmares, feebleness, exhaustion, and infirmity. They feel desolate, isolated and are self-contained. Recently, psychiatrists have been able to identify psychological and personality disorders through questionnaires such as beck and MMPI-2 tests. A high score in such tests is indicative of the mentioned disorder in the person. Since scholars occasionally show such sings in their works, their works can be analyzed in line with these questionnaires.
The literature regarding such studies dates back to nearly a century ago. For instance, Ghobadi and Houshangi (2009) critically investigated the character of Zal in Ferdowsi's Shahname based on Alfred Adler's psychological theory. In their study, Payandeh, Sanati and Farhadpour (2003) mentioned that psychoanalysis and literature have a two-way relationship and touch on one another. Nazeri and Seddighi (2011) performed a psychological analysis of the concepts of "fairy" and "love" in the poems of Khalil Hawi and Hashemi (2009) offered a psychological interpretation of Muhammad Iqbal's poems. Among the studies undertaken on the works of Abdullah al-Baradouni, "The artistic picture of Abdullah al-Baradouni" by Valid Mashouh can be named where aspects of al-Baradouni's literary creation and his poetic imagery as a blind poet are discussed. "Irony in the poems of Abdullah al-Baradouni" by Musaed bin Sad Zobiani is another work in which the author addresses the humorous language of the poet in expressing issues. The present study is different from the previous ones as the poems of this poet have never been studied from a psychological perspective and, unequivocally, such studies can help researchers better understand the poet's literature.
3. Methodology
The present research aims to study the poems of the blind, contemporary Yemeni poet, Abdullah al-Baradouni, which add up to three volumes, in a descriptive-analytical way, using MMPI-2 test. This test was first introduced by Starke Hathaway and Charles McKinley and can identify disorders such as psycho-social deviations, mental weaknesses, hypochondria, hysteria, paranoia, schizophrenia and etc. In the present study, the six factors of MMPI-2 were identified as: a) feeling of sadness and melancholy and fatigue of life b) despair and hopelessness, c) fear and anxiety d) pessimism about oneself, life and society d) distress and insomnia e) thinking about death and suicide. Through conforming the poems of this poet to these factors, we aim to answer the main research questions: a) based on MMPI-2 test, has Abdullah al-Baradouni been afflicted with clinical depression b) if yes, what elements have led to the outbreak of this phenomenon in the poet?
4. Findings
The findings of the study can be reviewed from both structural and contextual perspectives. Based on the factors of the test, all the symptoms of depression were deducted from al-Baradouni's poems. Terms such as "depression", "sorrow", "sadness", and "ordeal", etc., all of which convey negative meanings, are used with a high frequency in his works. The prosody of the poems is in congruity with the poet's mental state. The phones of the terms used in the poems are inspired by the poet's melancholy and sorrow. From a contextual perspective, the majority of the contents of his poems signify the poet's melancholy, exhaustion and hopelessness.
5. Conclusion
The findings of the study were analyzed based on the views of such psychologists as Sadock, Koraz, Maurer, and Maddal, Leahy and Bolat and it was found that the feelings of sorrow and sadness, despair and hopelessness, fear and anxiety, pessimism, thinking about death and insomnia and distress in the poet were higher than the normal threshold defined in MMPI-2 test, indicating a severe depression. Factors such as blindness, destitution and poverty, emotional relationship with mother and her untimely death along with the unwanted birth of the poet have all been major influential factors contributing to his affliction with this psychological disorder.
In the end, it is suggested that future researches analyze Abdullah al-Baradouni's poems from an existentialism perspective, illustrating, in three levels, his relationship with himself, nature and others.

Keywords

Abdullah al-Baradouni; MMPI-2; depression; Symptoms; Factors

References

1. اصغری، مریم. (1393). «روانشناسی و آموزش افراد نابینا». چاپ اول. انتشارات آوای نور. تهران.

2. البردونی، عبدالله. (2006). «دیوان عبدالله البردونی». دار العودة. بیروت. لبنان.

3. بهره‌ور، مجید و حیدری، محمود. (1390). «روان‌کاوی ذهنیت ادبی عرب در توصیف شعب بوّان». مجله‌ی زبان و ادبیات عربی. سال سوم. شماره پنجم. 1-33.

4. پاینده، حسین؛ صنعتی محمد و فرهادپور، مراد. (1382). «رابطه هنر و ادبیات با روانکاوی». کارنامه. شماره 41، 22-39.

5. خلف‌الله، محمد. (1947). «من الوجهة النفسیة فی دراسة الادب و نقده». مطبعة لجنة التالیف و الترجمة و النشر. 1947م.

6. دادستان، پریرخ. (1390). «روانشناسی مرضی تحولی: از کودکی تا بزرگسالی». (جلد اول). تهران: سازمان مطالعه و تدوین کتب علوم انسانی دانشگاهها (سمت).

7. دیچز، دیوید. (1379). «شیوه های نقد ادبی». ترجمة محمدتقی صدقیانی و غلامحسین یوسفی. تهران: علمی و فرهنگی.

8. الذبیانی، مساعد بن سعد. (1431). «السخریة فی شعر عبدالله البردونی». پایان نامه کارشناسی ارشد. دانشگاه أم القری. عربستان سعودی.

9. سید قطب. (1959). «النقد الأدبی، اصوله و مناهجه». الطبعة الثالثة. بیروت. دار الفکر العربی.

10. العمری، فاطمة عبدالله. (2003). «اثر التراث فی شعر عبدالله البردونی». پایان نامه کارشناسی ارشد. دانشگاه کوفه. کوفه.

11. قبادی، حسینعلی و هوشنگی، مجید. (1388). «نقد و بررسی روانکاوانة شخصیت زال از نگاه آلفرد آدلر». فصلنامه نقد ادبی. سال دوم. شماره 7. 91-119.

12. کراز، ژاک. (1381). «بیماریهای روانی». ترجمه: محمود منصور و پریرخ دادستان. چاپ سوم. انتشارات رشد. تهران.

13. گراهام، جان. (1388). «ارزیابی شخصیت و آسیب شناسی روانی (MMPI-2)». ترجمه: موسی کافی ماسوله و حمید یعقوبی. چاپ اول. نشر نسل فردا. تهران.

14. لوچر، ماکس. (1378). روان‌شناسی و رنگ‌ها. ترجمه‌ نغمه صفاریان. حکایت، تهران.

15. المختاری، زین‌الدین. (1998). «المدخل إلی نظریة النقد النفسی». اتحاد الکتاب العرب. دمشق.

16. مشوح، ولید. (1996). «الصورة الفنیة فی شعر عبدالله البردونی». اتحاد الکتاب العرب. دمشق.

17. مکنزی، کوام. (1382). «افسردگی، علائم و نشانه‌ها». ترجمه: فرهاد همت‌خواه. چاپ دوم. عصر کتاب. تهران.

18. منصور، محمود. (1393). «روانشناسی ژنتیک: تحول روانی از تولد تا پیری». تهران: سازمان مطالعه و تدوین کتب علوم انسانی دانشگاهها (سمت).

19. مهریار، امیرهوشنگ. (1373). «افسردگی، برداشت‌ها و درمان‌شناختی» چاپ اول. انتشارات رشد. تهران.

20. میچل، راس. (1369). «افسردگی». ترجمه: غلامرضا خواجه‌پور تادوانی. چاپ اول. نشر مینا. تهران.

21. ناظری، حسین و صدیقی، کلثوم. (1390). «واکاوی روانشناختی مفاهیم «پری» و «عشق» در سروده های خلیل حاوی». مجله زبان و ادبیات عربی. سال سوم. شماره پنجم. 167-191.

1. Akindipe, T. O., Aina, O. F., &Onakoya, A. O. (2011). Risk ofDepressionand Subjective Quality of Life among Attendees of A West African GlaucomaClinic.International Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences, 1(2): 432- 435.

2. Birren, F. (1961).Color Psychology and Color Therapy: A Factual Study of the Influence of Color on Human Life. New York: New Hyde Park, University Books.

3. Bolat, N., Dogangun,B., Yavuz, M., Demir, T., &Kayaalp, L. (2011). Depression and anxiety levels and self-concept characteristics of adolescents with congenital complete visual impairment. Turkish Journal of Psychiatry, 1: 1-6.

4. Brady, I. (2004). In defense of the sensual: Meaning construction in ethnography and poetics. Qualitative Inquiry, 10(4): 622-644.

5. Chavis, G., &Weisberger, L. (2003). The healing fountain: Poetry therapy for life’s journey. St. Cloud, MN: North Star Press.

6. Colvin, K. (2007). Dream poetry: Collective intimacy and healing. Master of Arts Summer Fieldwork, Pacifica Graduate Institute, Carpinteria, CA.

7. Freud, S. (1916). Leonardo da Vinci: A Psychosexual Study of an Infantile Reminiscence. Translated by A. A. Brill, Introduction by G. Stanley Hall, New York: Moffat, Yard and Company.

8. Freud, S. (1917). Delusion and Dream, Translated by Helen M.Downey, Introduction by G. Stanley Hall, New York: Moffat, Yardand Company.

9. Freud. S. (1953). "Remembering, Repeating and working Through" In Freud: The Standard Edition. The Hogarth Press and the Institute of Psychoanalysis.

10. Gorelick, K. (2007). Poetry Therapy. In C. Malchiodi (Ed.), Expressive therapies (pp. 117-140).New York, NY: The Guilford Press.

11. Hashmi A. (2009).Three Poems of Iqbal: A Psychological Interpretation. The Annual of Urdu Studies, 25: 108-121.

12. Kaya, N. & Epps, H.H. (2004). Relationship between Color and Emotion: A Study of College Students. College Student Journal, 38 (3): 396-400.

13. Leahy, R. L., Holland, S. J. F. &McGinn, L. K. (2012). Treatment Plans and Interventions for Depression and Anxiety Disorders, Second Edition. New York: The Guilford Press.

14. Maurer, D. M. &Darnall, C. R. (2012). Screening for depression. AmFam Physician, 85(2):139-144.

15. Pleij,H. (2004). Colors Demonic and Divine: Shades of Meaning in the Middle Ages and After. Translated by D. Webb, New York: Columbia University Press.

16. Ray, D. (1998). Dreamwork, griefwork, poemwork. In R. Townley (Ed.), Night errands: How poets use dreams. Pittsburgh, PA: University of Pittsburgh Press, 170-180.

17. Rense, L., &JasonR. (2007).Color and Personality: Strong's Interest Inventory and Cattell's 16PF. North American Journal of Psychology, 9(3): 423.

18. Sadock, B. J., &Sadock, V. A. (2007). Kaplan and Sadock's synopsis of psychiatry: behavioral sciences/clinical psychiatry. (10th ed.). Philadelphia, USA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.

19. Spearing, A. C. (2010). Medieval dream-poetry. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.

20. Wong, H. B., Machin, D., Tan, S. B. et al. (2009) Visual impairment and its impact on health-related quality of life in adolescents. Am J Ophthalmol, 147:505-511.