The classification of Channel Stream Hazards in Urban Areas (Case Study: Mazandaran Province, Noshar)

جغرافیا و مخاطرات محیطی

Article 3, Volume 7, Issue 2 - Serial Number 26, January 2019, Pages 37-52   

Document Type: Research Article

DOI: 10.22067/geo.v7i2.66208

Authors

Reza Esmaili^{* 1}; Mohsen Rafiee¹; Ghasem Lorestani¹; Kia Bozogmehr²

¹University of Mazandaran

²Azad university-Chalus

Abstract

Introduction

Geomorphology can contribute to the management of fluvial systems through study of channel stream hazards. Hazards have been identified for geomorphic systems, being defined as any landform change, natural or otherwise, that adversely affects the geomorphic stability of a place (Chin & Gregory, 2005). River hazards include flood, erosion, and deposition. Among human modifications, urbanization has the most irreversible impacts on river systems. Urban development can have two direct or indirect effects on the rivers. Direct modifications of river channels, such as straightening and channelization along with indirect modification changes the Earth’s surface by replacing the natural land cover with impervious surfaces (Chin et al., 2013).
In this research, the city of Noshahr has been studied. Noshahr is located in north of Iran in Mazandaran Province. The city is situated in south of the Caspian Sea and western coastal plain of Mazandaran. In this area, the width of coastal plain is less than 5 Km and it is geologically bound by Alborz Mountain Ranges. Urban geology is composited with marine and alluvial sediments. The climate of the region is temperate with an average annual rainfall of 1273 mm and the mean of temperature is 16.2C. Three major streams, Mashlak, Gerde-kal, and Korkorsar cross the urban area.

Materials and Methods

The paper has proposed a classification method for channel stream hazards in urban regions. The work is done in three steps: a) The channel reach was identified based on the geomorphic characteristics and the stream adjustment indicators. The step assesses the river sensitivity of each reach based on its capacity for adjustment and classifies the reach scale adjustment based on the magnitude and rate of the response observed in aerial photographs (Reid & Brierley, 2015). Geomorphic sensitivity of each reach was ranked as high (H), moderate (M) and low (L); b) In the second step, each stream reach was divided based on direct human activity (management) and stream structures. The stream reach has categorized into four classes: A, B, C and D. Class A shows the most interventions, while class D is at least interventions in each stream reach. c) In this step, channel stream was classified into twelve classes by combining the two previous steps (geomorphic adjustment and human activity). The intensity of geomorphic process activity are marked with values 1, 2 and 3.

Result and Discussion

In this study, 14 reach of urban streams were investigated. Dimensions of three main streams of Mashlak, Gerde-kal and Kurkorsar were measured using aerial photos (1999-2016) and the field work. All stream reach in study area are limited between alluvial terraces. The average height of these terraces varies from 2 to 4 meters and has been created in the last phase of the retreat of the Caspian Sea. The capacity of geomorphic adjustment is moderate (M) and low (L) in all stream reaches. Channel types are classified according to natural adjustment capacity and human interventions. According to this, the reaches of Korkorsar (1-4) and Mashlak streams (12-14) have near naturally channels and fall into classes of MD and MC. These channels have a moderate natural adjustment capacity, and the human interventions to protect of rivers are less than 10%. Channel reaches in the Gerde-Kal were categorized into the classes of LA and LB. These channels have a low adjustment capacity and their banks have protected by bank revetments such as concrete and boulder more than 60 percent. After classification, the river channel hazards including erosion, sedimentation, human activity, and hydrology were investigated at each reach of channel. In the class of MD, erosion is dominant and natural adjustment occurs during floods. The observed human interference is occupying the flood plain, urban debris accumulation and the quarrying of channel sediments. In LB and LA classes, sedimentation forms are observed in all reaches. Sedimentation has reduced the channel capacity; hence, flood has exited from the alluvial terraces and has damaged urban areas. Also, removing the arch of the rivers (creating a direct channel), the construction of transverse walls in the channel bed and the reduction of the channel slope are effective factors in the outflow of the channel.  

Conclusions

Channel stream classification based on river hazards can accommodate channel reaches with similar processes and forms in a group, and it provides an analysis of the available and probable hazards in stream channels. In addition, the effects of upstream river can be studied in the downstream channel. Such a spatial view provides a useful framework for management strategies.

Keywords

urban stream; stream classification; stream hazards; Noshar; Mazandaran

References

اسماعیلی، رضا؛ لرستانی، قاسم؛ 1394. «ارزیابی اثرات شهرنشینی بر ویژگی‌های ژئومورفیک رودخانه‌ها، مطالعه موردی شهر نور، استان مازندران». پژوهش‌های دانش زمین. دوره 6. شماره4. 93-78.

اسماعیلی، رضا؛ لرستانی، قاسم؛ رجب پور، مریم؛ 1395. «ارزیابی ژئومورفیک و بررسی تغییرات بابل رود در محدوده شهر بابل، استان مازندران». مخاطرات محیط طبیعی. شماره 9، 88-77.

حسین‌زاده، سیدرضا؛ جهادی طرقی، مهناز؛ 1386. «اثرات گسترش شهر مشهد بر الگوی زهکشی طبیعی و تشدید سیلاب‌های شهری». پژوهش‌های جغرافیایی. شماره 61 ، 159-145.

حسین‌زاده، محمدمهدی؛ اسماعیلی، رضا؛ 1394. مبانی ژئومورفولوژی رودخانهای، مفاهیم، اشکال و فرایندها. انتشارات دانشگاه شهید بهشتی. چاپ اول.

رستمی‌خلج، محمد؛ مهدوی، محمد؛ خلیقی سیگارودی، شهرام؛ سلاجقه، علی؛1391.«تحلیل حساسیت متغیرهای مؤثر بر سیلاب شهری با استفاده از مدل SWMM». پژوهشنامه مدیریت حوزه آبخیز. سال سوم. شماره 5. 90-81..

قهرودی تالی، منیژه؛ مجیدی هرودی، آنیتا؛ عبدلی، اسماعیل؛ 1395. «آسیب پذیری ناشی از سیلاب شهری (مطالعه موردی: تهران، درکه تا کن)». جغرافیا و مخاطرات محیطی. شماره 17، 36-21.

Brierley, G.L., & Fryirs, K., 2005. Geomorphology and River Management: Application of the River Style framework. Blackwell publishing,UK.

Cherqui, F., Belmeziti, A., Granger, D., Sourdril, A., & Gauffre, P.L., 2015. Assessing urban potential flooding risk and identifying effective risk-reduction measures, Science of the Total Environment, 514, 418–425.

Chin, A., & Gregory, K.J., 2005. Managing urban river channel adjustments. Geomorphology, 69, 28–45.

Chin, A., O’Dowd, A.P., & Gregory, K.J., 2013. Urbanization and River Channels, Treatise on Geomorphology, 9, 809-827.

Doyle, M.W., Jonathan, M.H., Rich, C.F., & Spacie, A., 2000. Examining the effects of urbanization on streams using indicators of geomorphic stability. Physical Geography, 21(2), 155-181.

Dust, D.W., & Wohl, E.E., 2010. Quantitative technique for assessing the geomorphic thresholds for floodplain instability and braiding in the semi-arid environment. Journal of the International Society for the Prevention and Mitigation of Natural Hazards, 55(1), 145–160.

Ettinger, s., Mounaud, L., Magill, C., Yao-Lafourcade, A.F., Thouret, J.C., Manville, V., Negulescu, C., Zuccaro, G., Gregorio, D.D., Nardone, S., Uchuchoque, j.A.L., Arguedas, A., Macedo, L., & Llerena, N.M., 2015. Building vulnerability to hydro-geomorphic hazards: Estimating damage probability from qualitative vulnerability assessment using logistic regression, Journal of Hydrology, 541, 563-581.

Gregory, K.N., 2002. Urban channel adjustments in a management context: an Australian example, Environmental Management, 29 (5), 620–633.

Hardison, E.C., O’Driscoll, M.A., DeLoatch, J.P., Howard, R.J., & Brinson, M.M., 2009. Urban land use, channel incision and water table decline along coastal plain streams, North Carolina, Journal of the American water resources association (JAWRA), 45 (4), 1032-1046.

Hawley, R.J., Bledsoe, B.P., Stein, E.D., & Haines, B.E., 2012. Channel evolution model of semiarid stream response to urban-induced hydromodification, Journal of the American water resources association (JAWRA), 48(4), 722-744.

Henshaw, P.C., & Booth, D.B., 2000. Natural restabilization of stream channels in urban watersheds, Journal of the American water resources association (JAWRA), 36 (6), 1219-1236.

Hogan, D.M., Jarnagin, S.T., Loperfido, J.V., & Ness, K.N., 2014. Mitigating the effects of landscape development on streams in urbanizing watersheds, Journal of the American water resources association (JAWRA), 50 (1), 163-178.

McBride, M., & Booth, D.B., 2005. Urban impacts on physical stream condition: effects of spatial scale, connectivity, and longitudinal trends. Journal of the American Water Resources Association, 41 (3), 565–580.

Morelli, S., Battistini, A., & Catani, F., 2014. Rapid assessment of flood susceptibility in urbanized rivers using digital terrain data: Application to the Arno river case study (Firenze, northern Italy), Applied Geography, 54, 35-53.

Reid, H.E., & Brierly, G.J., 2015. Assessing geomorphic sensitivity in relation to river capacity for adjustment, Geomorphology, 251, 108-121.