Microstructure Evaluation of Thermal Stabilization Marls Case Study: Marl West Bandar Abbas

مهندسی عمران فردوسی

Article 5, Volume 32, Issue 4 - Serial Number 28, November 2019, Pages 67-86   

Document Type: پژوهشی

DOI: 10.22067/civil.v32i4.78213

Authors

Masud Dehghani; maedeh papi

Abstract

Marls are among sedimentary deposits that generally contain 35 to 65 percent of clay minerals and calcium carbonate. The presence of clay minerals in marls has significant effect on reduction of slake durability index of marls. Hence, marls stabilization is important. Furthermore, the presence of carbonate as one of the main components of marls has drastic influence on engineering behavior of soils. Heat, both in transient or constant forms, results in physical, mechanical and microstructural alternation of soils, especially the engineering properties of clay soils. Accordingly, the purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of heat treatment on strengthening parameters of marls, microstructural perspective. Impression of heat treatment on behaviors of marls, using macrostructure tests (Unconfined Compressive Strength, Atterberg Limit, Granularity, Slaking, Water Absorption and Linear Shrinkage) and microstructural tests (pH and X-ray diffraction) have been assessed. For this purpose, the specimens are exposed to heating surfaces (25 to 900 °C). examinations with emphasize on microstructural alternations of marls on specified temperatures and effect of temperature variations on mechanical and strengthening specifications of soil, have been conducted. According to the results, on 700°C marl soils have the best compressive strength of 27.69 Kg/cm2 and durability against moisture.
 

Keywords

Marl; Thermal Stabilization; Compressive Strength; XRD

Supplementary Files

5-amiri.pdf

References

1. Lamas, F., Irigaray, C., Chacon, J., "Geotechnical characterization of carbonate marls for construction of impermeable dam cores". Eng. Geol. 66, 283–294, (2002).

2. Ouhadi, V.R., Yong, R.N., "The role of clay fractions of marly soils on their post stabilization failure". Vol. 70, No. 4, pp. 365–375, (2003).

3. Ouhadi, V. R., "The role of marl components and ettringite on the stability of stabilized marl". PhD thesis, Department of Civil Engineering and applied mechanics, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, (1997).

4. Ouhadi, V., PourZafarani, M., "Influence of Temperature on Unconfined Compressive Strength and Water Absorption of Sand-Bentonite Mixture in the Presence of Carbonate", Modares Civil Engineering journal, Vol. 14, No. 1, pp. 147-157, (2014).

5. Oostwoud Wijdenes, D. J., and Ergenzinger, P., "Erosion and sediment transport on steep marly hillslopes", Draix, Haute-Provence, France: an experimental field study. J. Catena, Vol. 33, No. 3, pp. 179-200, (1998).

6. Lamas, F., Irigaray, C., Oteo, C., and Chacon, J., "Selection of the most appropriate method to determine the carbonate content for engineering purposes with particular regard to marls". J. Engineering Geology, Vol. 81, No.1, pp. 32-41, (2005).

7. KerstinElert, J., Miguel, A., Fernando, N., "Smectite formation upon lime stabilization of expansive marls", Applied Clay Science, Vol. 158, No.3, pp. 29-36, (2018).

8. Jefferson, I., "Temperature effects on clay soils". Loughborough University, (1994).

9. Wang, M., Benway, J. M., Arayssi, A. M., "The effect of heating on engineering properties of clays", ASTM Special Technical Publication, Vol. 6, No. 9, pp. 139-158, (1990).

10. Brindley, G., "Thermal transformations of clays and layer silicates". Proceedings of the International Clay Conference, Mexico City. Applied Publishing, Wilmette, Illinois, Vol. 50, No. 2, pp. 119-129, (2015).

11. Morris, P. H. & Wong, L., "Modification of Dredged Sediments to Produce Useful Product by Heating to High Temperatures", Sustainable Tourism CRC, (2005).

12. Wang, M., Benway, J. M., and Arayssi, A. M., "The effect of heating on engineering properties of clays", ASTM Special Technical Publication, pp. 139-158, (1990).

13. Chandrasekhran EC., Boominathan S., Sadayan E., Narayanaswami KR., "Influence of heat treatment on the pulverization and stabilization characteristics of typical tropical soils". Special Report No, Highway Research Board, Washington, DC, ASCE; Vol. 121, No.10, pp. 1497-1506, (1995).

14. Vizcayno, C., De Gutierrez, R. M., Castello, R., Rodriguez, E. & Guerrero, C. E., "Pozzolan obtained by mechanochemical and thermal treatments of kaolin". Applied Clay Science, Vol. 49, No. 2, pp. 405-413, (2010).

15. Ouhadi, V. R, PourZafarani, M., "Characteristics change of kaolinite and bentonite due to heat treatment from micro structural aspects". Sharif Civil Engineering, Vol. 30, No. 2, pp. 65-72, (2015).

16. Little, D.N., "Evaluation of Structural Properties of Lime Stabilized Soils and Aggregates", Summary and findings. Prepared for National Lime Association, 3, (1999).

17. American Society for Testing and Materials, "ASTM, 2014, American Society for Testing and Materials, ASTM, Annual Book of ASTM Standards", P.A., Philadelphia V.4, 08, (2014).

18. Hesse, P. R., "A textbook of soil chemical analysis", William Clowes and Sons, 519p, (1971).

19. Ouhadi. V.R., Yong. R. N., "Experimental and theoretical evaluation of impact of clay microstructure on the quantitative mineral evaluation by XRD analysis". Elsevier Appl. Clay Sci. J. Vol. 23, No. 1. pp 141, (2003).

20. Ouhadi. V.R., Amiri. M., Zangene. M., "Microstructural Assessment of Lime Consumption Rate and Pozzolanic Reaction Progress of a Lime-Stabilized Dispersive Soil", Modares Journal of Technical & Civil Engineering, Vol. 16, No. 1, pp 11-22, (2016).

21. Abu-Zreig. Majed M., Al-Akhras. Nabil M., & Attom. Mousa F., "Influence of heat treatment on the behavior of clayey soils", Applied Clay Science, Vol. 20, No. 3, pp. 132-133, (2001).

22. Zhang, F., Kong, R., & Peng, J., "Effects of heating on compositional, structural, and physicochemical properties of loess under laboratory conditions". Applied Clay Science, 152 (1), pp. 259-266, (2018).

23. Vidonish. Julia E., Zygourakis. Kyriacos., Masiello. Caroline A., Sabadell. Gabriel., & Alvarez. Pedro J. J., "Thermal treatment of hydrocarbon-impacted soils: A review of technology innovation for sustainable remediation", Engineering journal. Vol. 2, No. 4, pp. 426-437, (2016).

24. Dellisanti, F. and Valdre, G., "Study of structural properties of ion treated and mechanically deformed commericial bentonite”. Applied clay science, Vol. 28, No. 4, pp. 233-244, (2004).

25. Cultrone, G., Rodriguez -Navarro, C., Sebastian, E., Cazalla, O. & De La Torre, M. J., "Carbonate and silicate phase reactions during ceramic firing". European Journal of Mineralogy, Vol. 13, No. 2, pp. 621-634, (2001).

26. Singh, M. & Garg, M., "Reactive pozzolana from Indian clays—their use in cement mortars". Cement and Concrete Research, Vol. 36, No. 3, pp. 1903-1907, (2006).

27. Trindade, M.J., Dias, M.I., Coroado, J., Rocha, F., "Mineralogical transformations of calcareous rich clays with firing: a comparative study between calcite and dolomite rich clays from Algarve, Portugal". Applied Clay Science. Vol. 42, No. 2, 345–355, (2009).

28. Jordan, M.M., Boix, A., Sanfeliu, T., de la Fuente, C., "Firing transformations of cretaceous clays used in the manufacturing of ceramic tiles". Applied Clay. Vol. 20, No. 1, pp. 225- 234, (1999).

29. Seynou, M., Millogo, Y., Ouedraogo, R., Traore, K., Tirlocq, J., "Firing transformations and properties of tiles from a clay from Burkina Faso". Applied Clay Science. Vol. 51, No. 4, pp. 499–502, (2011).

30. Bender, W., Hundle, F., "Brick and Tile Making", Berlin: Bauverlag, (1982).

31. Schellbach, G., Jung, E., "Statically and thermally optimized lightweight clay brick of blocks for prefabricated wall panels". Zi-Annual, Vol. 24, No. 11, pp.122-135, (1991).

32. Cultrone, G., Sebastian, E., Cazalla, O., De la Torre Lopez, M. J., "Physical, mineralogical and textural features of ceramic clays from Granada Province (Spain)", in: C.S.F. Gomes (Ed.), Proceedings of the Second Mediterranean Clay Meeting, Aveiro, Portugal, 16–19 September. pp. 298–303, (1998).

33. Elert, K., Cultrone, G., Navaro, C. R., Sebastian Pardo, E., "Durability of bricks used in the conservation of historic buildings". Journal of Cultural Heritage. Vol. 4, No.2, pp. 91- 99, (2003).

34. Afrin. Habiba., "A review on different types soil stabilization techniques", International journal of transportation engineering and technology, Vol.3, No. 2, pp. 19-24, (2017).

35. Joshi, R. C., Achari, G., Horsfield, D., and Nagaraj, T., "Effect of heat treatment on strength of clays", Journal of geotechnical engineering, Vol. 120, No. 4, p. 1080, (1994).

36. Gualtieri, M. L., Gultieri, A.F., Gagliardi, S., RuffIni, P., Ferrari, R., Hanuskova, M., "Thermal conductivity of fired clays: Effects of mineralogical and physical properties of the raw materials". Applied Clay Science. Vol. 49, No.2, pp. 269- 275, (2010).

37. Hamidi, A., Tourchi, S., & Khazaei, C., "Thermomechanical constitutive model for saturated clays based on critical state theory". International Journal of Geomechanics, Vol. 15, No.1, pp. 401-418, (2014).