The Effects of Drought Stress and Humic Acid on Morphological Traits, Yield and Anthocyanin of Roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.)

بوم شناسی کشاورزی

Article 1, Volume 8, Issue 3 - Serial Number 29, September 2016, Pages 346-358   

Document Type: Scientific - Research

DOI: 10.22067/jag.v8i3.35508

Authors

Mojgan Sanjari Mijani^{* 1}; Alireza Sirous Mehr²; Baratali Fakheri³

¹Department of Horticultural Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Zabol University, Zabol, Iran

²Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Zabol University, Zabol, Iran

³Department of Plant Breedingand Biotechnology , Faculty of Agriculture, Zabol University, Zabol, Iran

Abstract

Introduction
Roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) as a medicinal plant belongs to the Malvacea family. Their active ingredient increases under water stress. Humic acid bacteria derived from humus and other natural resources have hormonal effects and can improve nutrient absorption to enhance performance especially under stress conditions .
Materials and methods
This experiment was conducted in the research of agricultural education centre Jiroft in 2013. Field experiment was carried out as split plot design with three replications. Water deficit stress set as main factor with three levels (A1= Irrigation after 50, A2= 100 and A3= 150 mm evaporation from pan class A) and humic acid was in four manners (B1= non humic acid, B2= once with Irrigation, B3= once with Irrigation + Once spraying, B4= once with Irrigation + twice Spraying). Humic acid was used to form Irrigation spray in order to arrange with compactness (10 kg.ha-1), (250 ml/100L). In late September, which coincides with the end of the heading, plant height, inflorescence length, number of branches, stem diameter, fresh and dry weight of plant, fresh and dry weight of sepals, were examined. Wagner method was used to measure anthocyanin content sepals (Wagner, 1979). Finally, data was analyzed using SAS 9.1 and means were compared by Duncan’s multiple range test at 5% level of probability.
Results and discussion
The analysis of variance showed that drought stress and humic acid had significant effect on growth parameters, vegetative and generative yield and anthocyanin. Drought stress decreased plant height, inflorescence length, stem diameterand fresh and dry weight sepals. The highest values of these traits was obtained in the first level of stress (50 mm evaporation from pan class A). Due to the reduction in mentioned properties, reducing the pressure tolerance and the subsequent reduction in drought conditions was considered as division and cell enlargement. The reduction in growth parameters by drought stress can be due to disorder in photosynthesis and reduction in photosynthetic. The impact of drought on each of growth parameters could finally lead to a change in the performance of the roselle calyx production.
Drought stress increased anthocyanin content. The highest phenolic compounds anthocyanins (0.49 μmol.g1) was obtained in three level stress (150 mm evaporation from pan class A). Antioxidant flavonoids had protective effect during drought stress and due to the role of anthocyanin in protection from sun during oxidative stress, ROS was directly removed. The results showed a significant interaction between stress and humic acid on number of branches, fresh and dry weight of plants. The highest value of these traits treatment was observed in first level stress (irrigation after 50 mm evaporation from pan class A) and in four level of humic acid (once with irrigation + twice spraying). Plant height, inflorescence length, stem diameter, fresh and dry weight of sepals and anthocyanin were significantly affected by humic acid. The highest value of these traits was obtained in four humic acid (once with irrigation + twice spraying). Humic acid can reduce the effects of drought, increase absorption of water and nutrient and the growth of plants by physiological changes in plant and by improving the physical, chemical and biological characteristics of soil, in order to improve growth parameters, vegetative and generative yield and anthocyanin in the experiment.
Conclusion
Sufficient moisture in the soil and high genetic potential for optimum usage of the potential environment are essential for plants. The amount of humic acid due to its role in improving the nutritional conditions of the plant can play an important role in offseting the harmful effects of drought stress on the plant

Keywords

Bio-fertilizer; Calyx yield; Drought stress; Medicinal plant

References

Ahmad, Y.M., Shahlaby, E.A., and Shnan, N.T. 2011. The use of organic and inorganic cultures in improving vegetative growth, yield characters and antioxidant activity of roselle plants (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.). African Journal of Biotechnology 10(11): 1988-1996.

Asadi Kavan, Z., Ghorbanli, M., and Sateei, A. 2010. The effect of drought stress and exogenous ascorbate on photosynthetic pigments, flavonoids, phenol compounds and lipid peroxidation in Pimpinella anisum L. Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants 25(4): 456-469. (In Persian with English Summary)

Atiyeh, R.M., Arancon, N., Edwards, C.A., and Metzger, J.D. 2002. The influence of humic acids derived from earthworm processed organic wastes on plant growth. Bioresource Technology 84(1): 7- 14.

Aziz, E., Gad, N., and Badran, N.M. 2007. Effect of cobalt and nickel on plant growth, yield and flavonoids content of Hibiscus sabdariffa L. Australian Journal of Basic Applied Sciences 1(2): 73-78.

Babaee, K., Amini Dehaghi, M., Modares Sanavi, S.A.M., and Jabbari, R. 2010. Water deficit effect on morphology, prolin content and thymol percentage of Thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.) Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants 26(2): 239-251. (In Persian with English Summary)

Bettaieb, I., Zakhama, N., Aidi Wannes, W., Kchou, M.E., and Marzouk, B. 2009. Water deficit effects on Salvia officinalis fatty acids and essential oils composition. Scientia Horticulturae 120: 271-27.

Cabuslay, G.S., Ito, O., and Alejal, A.A. 2002. Physiological evaluation of responses of rice (Oryza sativa L.) to water deficit. Plant Science 63: 815-827.

Cheng, S.Y., Wang, Y., Liu, W.H., Du, H.W., and Chen, K.S. 2005. Effects of plant growth regulators on phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) activities in leaves of Ginkgo biloba. Journal Plant Resources Environment 14: 20-22.

Delfine, S., Tognetti, R., Desiderio, E., and Alvino, A. 2005. Effect of foliar application of N and humic acids on growth and yield of durum wheat. Agronomy for Sustainable Development 25: 183-191.

Dunford, N.T., and Vazquez, R.S. 2005. Effect of water stress on plant growth and thymol and carvacrol concentrations in Mexican oregano grown under controlled conditions. Journal of Applied Horticulture 7(1): 20-22.

Gendy, A.S.H., Said-Al Ahl, H.A.H., and Mahmoud, A.A. 2012. Growth, productivity and chemical constituents of roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) plants as influenced by cattle manure and biofertilizers treatments. Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences 6(5): 1-12.

Guvence, I., Dursun, A., Turan, M., Tuzel, Y., Burrage, S.W., Bailey, B.J., Gul, A., Smith, A.R., and Tuncay, O. 1999. Effect of different foliar fertilizers on growth, yield and nutrient content of lettuce and crisp lettuce. Acta Horticulturae 491: 247-252.

Heidari, M., Bakhshandeh, A.M., Nadeyan, H., Fathi, G., and Alami, S. 2006. The effect of different levels salinity and nitrogen on seed yield, uptake and osmotic regulation of Na and K wheat (Triticum aestivum) c.v. Chamran. Journal of Horticultural Science 37(3): 501-510. (In Persian with English Summary)

Hoekstra, F.A., Golovina, E.A., and Buitink, J. 2001. Mechanisms of plant desiccation tolerance. Trends in Plant Science 6(9): 431-438.

Howard, A., and Howard, G.L.C. 1911. Studies in Indian fibre plants. No. 2. On some new varieties of Hibiscus cannabinus L. and Hibiscus sabdariffa L. Genetics and Molecular Biology 4: 9-36.

Jaleel, C.A., Manivannan, P., Lakshmanan, G.M.A., Gomathinayagam, M., and Panneerselvam, R. 2008. Alterations in morphological parameters and photosynthetic pigment responses of Catharanthus roseus under soil water deficits. Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces 61: 298-303.

Jones, H.G., and Tardieu, F. 1998. Modeling water relations of horticultural crops: a review. Scientia Horticulture 74: 21-46.

Khalid, K.H.A. 2006. Influence of water stress on growth, essential oil and chemical composition of herbs (Ocimum sp.). International Agrophysics 20: 289-296.

Kulikova, N.A., Stepanova, E.V., and Koroleva, O.V. 2005. Mitigating activity of humicsubstances: direct influence on biota. In: I.V. Perminova, et al. (Ed.). Use of humic substances to remediate polluted environments: from theory to practice. Springer Netherlands 52: 285-309.

Lister, C.E., Lancaster, J.E., and Walker, J.R. 1996. Developmental changes in enzymes biosynthesis in the skins of red and of flavonoid green apple cultivars. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 71: 313-330.

Milena, M., Ramirez-Rodrigues, A., Maria, L., Plaza, A., Alberto Azeredo, A., Murat, O., Balaban, B., Maurice, R., and Marshall, A. 2012. Phytochemical, sensory attributes and aroma stability of dense phase carbon dioxide processed Hibiscus sabdariffa beverage during storage. Food Chemistry 134: 1425-1431.

Mirhajian, A. 2012. Humic acid is?. Journal of Agricultural Engineering 33: 7-16. (In Persian with English Summary)

Morello, J.R., Romero, M.P., Ramo, T., and Motilva, M.J. 2005. Evaluation of L-phenylalanine ammonia-lyase activity and phenolic profile in olive drupe (Olea europaea L.) from fruit setting period to harvesting time. Plant Science 168: 65-72.

Nardi, S., Pizzeghello, D., Muscolo, A., and Vianello, A. 2002. Physiological effects of humic substances on higher plants. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 34: 1527-1536.

Russo, R.O., and Berlyn, G.P. 1990. The use organic bio stimulants to help low input sustainable agriculture. Journal sustainable agriculture 1(2): 19-42.

Sabzevari, S., and Khazaei, H.R. 2009. The Effect of foliar application with humic acid on growth, yield and yield components of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Journal of Agroecology 1(2): 53-63. (In Persian with English Summary)

Samavat, S., and Malakuti, M. 2005. Important use of organic acid (humic and fulvic) for increase quantity and quality agriculture productions. Water and Soil Researchers Technical Issue 463: 1-13. (In Persian with English Summary)

Sarker, B.C., Hara, M., and Uemura, M. 2005. Proline synthesis, physiological responses and biomass yield of eggplants during and after repetitive soil moisture stress. Science Horticulture 103: 387-402.

Sebahattin, A., and Necdet, C. 2005. Effects of different levels and application times of humic acid on root and leaf yield and yield components of forage Turnip (Brassica rapa L.). Agronomy Journal 4: 130-133.

Shariff, M. 2002. Effect of lignitic coal derived HA on growth and yield of wheat and maize in alkaline soil. PhD thesis, NWFP Agriculture University Peshawar, Pakistan.

Solar, A., Colaric, M., Usenik, V., and Stampar, F. 2006. Seasonal variations of selected flavonoids, phenolic acids and quinines in annual shoots of common walnut (Juglans regia L.). Plant Science 170: 453-461

Sreevalli, Y., Baskaran, K., chandra shekara, R., Kuikkarni, R., Sushil, H., Samresh, D., Kukre, J., Ashok, A., Sharmr Singh, K., Srikant, S., and Rakesh, T. 2001. Preliminary obserration on the effect of irrigation frequency and genotypes on yield and alkaloid concentration in petriwinkle. Journal of medicinal and Aromatic plant Science 22: 356-358.

Tan, K.H. 2003. Humic Matter in Soil and the Environment. Marcel Dekker, New York.

Turkmen, O., Demir, S., Sensoy, S., and Dursun, A. 2005. Effect of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus and humic acid on the seedling development and nutrient content of pepper grown under saline soil conditions. Journal of Biological Sciences 5(5): 565-574.

Wagner, G.J. 1979. Content and vacuole/extra vacuole distribution of neutralsugars, free amino acids and anthocyanins in protoplasts. Plant Physiology 64: 88-93.

Xuenyuanet, G., Xiaorong, W., Zhimany, G., Lemei, D., and Yijun, C. 2001. Effect of humic acid speciation and bioavailability ti wheat of rare earth elements in soil. Chemical Speciation and Bioavailability 13: 83-88.

Zhang, K.M., Yu, H.J., Shi, K., Zhou, Y.H., Yu, J.Q., and Xia, X.J. 2010. Photoprotective roles of anthocyanins in Begonia semperflorens. Plant Science 179(3): 202-208.