The effect of Shortening Dry Period on Lactation and Reproductive Performance in Holstein Dairy Cows with Different Parturition

پژوهشهای علوم دامی ایران

Article 6, Volume 8, Issue 4 - Serial Number 28, December 2017, Pages 677-687   

Document Type: Physiology

DOI: 10.22067/ijasr.v8i4.50182

Authors

Seyed Mohammadreza hoseyni¹; amir karamzadeh dehaghani²; ali noori¹; Armin Towhidi^{* 2}

¹Azad University, Garmsar unit

²tehran university

Abstract

Introduction Dry period is an important factor for milk yield, udder health and also cows' reproduction. Persistency of milk production in high producing dairy cows, increased income from milk production per cow in 305 days. In the other side, in recent decades, much attention to increasing milk production in dairy cows and genetic selection of high producing animals, has been caused many problems such as negative energy balance and reproductive disorders. Shortening or removing the dry period, may to improve health status and reproductive performance of cows. The relationship between energy balance and reproduction is well proven. Body condition score (BCS) at mating, and duration and severity of negative energy balance after calving affect pregnancy rate. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of shortening the dry period and the number of parturition and interaction between them, on health and reproduction and productive performance in Holstein dairy cow.
Materials and Methods 80 Holstein cows were used in a 2 × 2 factorial design from 56 days before to 56 days after calving. Cows (n=20) were randomly assigned to two groups on the basis of dry period length (56 or 28 days) and number of calving (two or three times of calving rate). The animals were fed three times a day. Dairy cattle rations based on the requirements was adjusted in the period before and after calving. Cows were milked three times a day and the amount of milk yield was recorded for six weeks. To determine the composition of milk, a mixture of daily milk was used and evaluated weekly. BCS, based on the system of five numbers was determined. Reproductive records including open days, pregnancy rate in four inseminations and days to first service was determined. The indicators of the uterine health of the cow containing metritis and endometritis incidence was assessed. Blood samples of cattle, on the day of entry into the study (56 days before the expectable calving), 28 and 7 days before calving and day 7, 28 and 56 after calving were measured. The concentrations of glucose, urea, triglycerides, total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, beta-hydroxy butyric acid (BHBA) and non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) in the blood were measured. Data were analyzed by SAS software.
Results Milk yield was tended to be lower in group 28 than that in group 56 (P= 0.06). But milk composition and somatic cells of cows with 28 days dry period, does not have a significant difference with control group (56 days dry period). Means BCS after calving in the 28 days group, was lower than those of 56 day group (P

Keywords

Dairy cattle; Dry period; Lactation; negative energy balance

References

1- Amini, F., H. Amanloo., M. J. Zamiri, and N. Eslamianfarsooni. 2012. Effect of different dry period on reproductive performance and production Holstein cows in the subsequent lactation period. Iranian Journal of Animal Science, 43(2): 183-191. (In Persian).

2- Andersen, J. B., T. Madsen., T. Larsen., K. L. Ingvartsen, and M. Nielsen. 2005. The effects of dry period versus continuous lactation on metabolic status and performance in periparturient cows. Journal of Dairy Science, 88(10): 3530-3541.

3- Bertics, S. J., R. R. Grummer., C. Cadorniga-Valino, and E. E. Stoddard. 1992. Effect of prepartum dry matter intake on liver triglyceride concentration and early lactation. Journal of Dairy Science, 75(7): 1914-1922.

4- Burton, J., S. Madsen., J. Yao., S. Sipkovsky, and P. Coussens. 2000. An immunogenomics approach to understanding periparturient immunosuppression and mastitis susceptibility in dairy cows. Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica, 42(3): 407-424.

5- Butler, W., R. Everett., and C. Coppock. 1981. The relationships between energy balance, milk production and ovulation in postpartum Holstein cows. Journal of Animal Science, 53(3): 742-748.

6- Butler, W. R. 2005. Relationships of dietary protein and fertility. Advances in Dairy Technology, 17: 159-168.

7- Cameron, R., P. Dyk., T. Herdt., J. Kaneene., R. Miller., H. Bucholtz., J. Liesman., M. Vandehaar, and R. Emery. 1998. Dry cow diet, management, and energy balance as risk factors for displaced abomasum in high producing dairy herds. Journal of Dairy Science, 81(1):132-139.

8- Canfield, R., C. Sniffen, and W. Butler. 1990. Effects of excess degradable protein on postpartum reproduction and energy balance in dairy cattle. Journal of Dairy Science, 73(9): 2342-2349.

9- Donohoe, T. P. 1984. Stress-induced anorexia: implications for anorexia nervosa. Life Sciences, 34(3): 203-218.

10- Grummer, R. 2007. Strategies to improve fertility of high yielding dairy farms: management of the dry period. Theriogenology, 68: S281-S288.

11- Grummer, R, and R. Rastani. 2004. Why reevaluate dry period length? Journal of Dairy Science, 87: E77-E85.

12- Gulay, M., M. Hayen., K. Bachman., T. Belloso., M. Liboni, and H. Head. 2003. Milk production and feed intake of Holstein cows given short (30-d) or normal (60-d) dry periods. Journal of Dairy Science, 86(6): 2030-2038.

13- Gümen, A., R. Rastani., R. Grummer, and M. Wiltbank. 2005. Reduced dry periods and varying prepartum diets alter postpartum ovulation and reproductive measures. Journal of Dairy Science, 88(7): 2401-2411.

14- Okamoto, T., T. Akaike., T. Nagano., S. Miyajima., M. Suga., M. Ando., K. Ichimori, and H. Maeda. 1997. Activation of human neutrophil procollagenase by nitrogen dioxide and peroxynitrite: a novel mechanism for procollagenase activation involving nitric oxide. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics, 342(2): 261-274.

15- Pezeshki, A., A. Capuco., B. De Spiegeleer., L. Peelman., M. Stevens., R. Collier, and C. Burvenich. 2010. An integrated view on how the management of the dry period length of lactating cows could affect mammary biology and defence. Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition, 94(5): e7-e30.

16- Rastani, R., R. Grummer., S. Bertics., A. Gümen., M. C. Wiltbank., D. G. Mashek, and M. C. Schwab. 2005. Reducing dry period length to simplify feeding transition cows: Milk production, energy balance, and metabolic profiles. Journal of Dairy Science, 88: 1004-1014.

17- Sheldon, I. M., G. S. Lewis., S. LeBlanc, and R. O. Gilbert. 2006. Defining postpartum uterine disease in cattle. Theriogenology, 65(8): 1516-1530.

18- Stokes, K. Y., T. R. Dugas., Y. Tang., H. Garg., E. Guidry, and N. S. Bryan. 2009. Dietary nitrite prevents hypercholesterolemic microvascular inflammation and reverses endothelial dysfunction. American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology, 296(5): H1281-H1288.

19- Watters, R., M. Wiltbank., J. Guenther., A. Brickner., R. Rastani., P. Fricke, and R. Grummer. 2009. Effect of dry period length on reproduction during the subsequent lactation. Journal of Dairy Science, 92(7): 3081-3090.

20- Wildman, E., G. Jones., P. Wagner., R. Boman., H. Troutt Jr, and T. Lesch. 1982. A dairy cow body condition scoring system and its relationship to selected production characteristics. Journal of Dairy Science, 65(3): 495-501.