شناسایی و تخمین جمعیت باکتری‌های مولد هسته یخ جداسازی شده از درختان میوه هسته‌دار در استان خراسان رضوی

پژوهش های حفاظت گیاهان ایران

مقاله 10، دوره 29، شماره 3 - شماره پیاپی 32، مهر 1394، صفحه 449-458   

نوع مقاله: مقالات پژوهشی

شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22067/jpp.v29i3.44334

نویسندگان

الهه طاهری؛ سعید طریقی^* ؛ پریسا طاهری

دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد

چکیده

باکتری‌های اپی‌فیت مولد هسته یخ، یکی از عوامل تشدید کننده سرمازدگی و شانکر در درختان میوه هسته‌دار می‌باشند. به منظور شناسایی این باکتری‌ها، در بهار سال 1392، تعداد 248 نمونه از سرشاخه‌های آلبالو، گیلاس، زردآلو، آلو، هلو، شلیل، بادام و گوجه سبز در استان خراسان رضوی (مشهد، شاندیز، کنگ، نقندر، زشک، اخلمد، چناران و نیشابور)، جمع‌آوری گردید. از هر منطقه دو باغ و از هر باغ چهار درخت بصورت تصادفی انتخاب شدند. با شمارش تعداد کلنی باکتری‌ها در هر گرم بافت گیاهی، جمعیت کل باکتری‌ها در مناطق و میزبان‌های مختلف تخمین زده شد. از هر نوع تیپ کلنی مشاهده شده بر روی محیط کشت، 10 کلنی به طور تصادفی انتخاب شدند. از میان 820 جدایه بررسی شده، 110 جدایه مولد هسته یخ بودند. این باکتری‌ها با استفاده از آزمون‌های مورفولوژیکیو بیوشیمیایی تفکیک گردیدند. بر اساس داده‌های به‌دست آمده، 56، 27، 8، 6 و 3 درصد از جدایه‌ها به ترتیب به عنوان Pseudomonas syringae، P. fluorescens، P. viridiflava، Pantoeaagglomeransو Xanthomonassp.شناسایی شدند. نتایج مطالعه حاضر، تأیید کرد که بین علایم شانکر، خسارت سرمازدگی و جمعیت باکتری‌های مولد هسته یخ، رابطه مستقیمی وجود دارد. بنابراین شناسایی و تخمین جمعیت باکتری‌های مولد هسته یخ از اهمیت ویژه‌ای در پیش‌بینی وقوع سرمازدگی برخوردار است. در این تحقیق انواع گونه‌های باکتری مولد هسته یخ در باغات هسته دار استان خراسان رضوی مشخص و نوسانات جمعیت آن‌ها برای اولین بار ارزیابی شده است.

کلیدواژه‌ها

استان خراسان رضوی؛ باکتری‌های مولد هسته یخ؛ جمعیت؛ درختان میوه هسته‌دار

مراجع

Fahy P.C., and Persley C.J. 1983. Plant Bacterial Disease A Diagnostic Guide, Academic Press Sidney, Australia.

2- Fahy G.M., MacFarlane D.R., Angell C.R., and Meryman H.T. 1984. Vitrification is an approach to cryopreservation, Cryobiology, 21:407-426.

3- Gangimoghaddam A. 2011. Fruit planting in temperate regions, Agricultural Extension and Education Publications, Tehran. (In Persian).

4- Garnham C.P., Campbell R.L., Walker V.K., and Davies P.L. 2011. Novel dimeric β-helical model of an ice nucleation protein with bridged active sites, BMC Structural Biology, 11-36.

5- Goodnow R.A., Harrison M.D., Morris J.D., Sweeting K.B., and LaDuca R.J. 1990. Fate of ice nucleation-active Pseudomonas syringae in alpine soils and waters and in synthetic Snow samples, Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 56:2223-2227.

6- Govindarajan A.G., and Lindow S.E. 1988. Phospholipid requirement for expression of ice nuclei in Pseudomonas syringae and in vitro, Journal of Biology and Chemistry, 19:9333-9338.

7- Graether S.P., and Jia Z. 2001. Modeling Pseudomonas syringae ice nucleation protein as a β-helical protein, Biophysical Journal, 3:1169-1173.

8- HasanZadeh N. 1995. Principles and methods of plant bacteriology,Islamic Azad University Press. (In Persian).

9- Hirano S.S., and Upper C.D. 1985. Ecology and physiology of Pseudomonas syringae, Bio/Technology, 3:1074-1078.

10- Hirano S.S., and Upper C.D. 2000. Bacteria in the leaf ecosystem with emphasis on Pseudomonas syringae a pathogen, ice nucleus, and epiphyte, Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews, 3:624-653.

11- Hugh R., and Leifson, E. 1953. The taxonomic significance of fermentative versus oxidative metabolism of carbohydrate by versus gram negative bacteria. Journal of Bacteriology, 66:24-26.

12- Kawahara H., Nakano Y., Omiya K., Muryoi N., Nishikawa J., and Obata H. 2004.Production of two types of ice crystal-controlling proteins in Antarctic bacterium,Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering,3:220-223.

13-Khadivi E. 2010. Fruit planting (public and private),Agricultural Extension andEducation Publications, Tehran. (In Persian).

14- Kinkel L.L., Wilson M., and Lindow S.E. 2000. Plant Species and Plant Incubation Conditions Influence Variability in Epiphytic Bacterial Population Size, Microbial Ecology, 39:1-11.

15- Klement Z., Farkas G.L., and Lovrekovich H. 1964. Hypersensitive reaction induce by phytopathogenic bacteria in the tobacco leaf, Phytopathology, 54:474-477.

16- Kovacs N. 1956. Identification of Pseudomonas pyocyana by the oxidase reaction, Nature, 178:703-708.

17- Kozolff L.M., Turner M.A., Arellano F., and Lute M. 1991. Phosphatidylinositol, a phospholipid of ice-nucleating bacteria, Journal of Bacteriology, 6:2053-2060.

18- Lelliott R.A., and Stead D.E. 1987. Methods for the Diagnosis of Bacterial disease of plants. Blackwell Scientific Publication, Oxford, Boston.

19- Leveau J.H.J., and Lindow S.E. 2001. Appetite of an epiphyte quantitative monitoring of bacteria sugar consumption in the phyllosphere, Proceeding of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 98:3446-3453.

20- Li J., Izquierdo M.P., and Lee T.C. 1997. Effects of ice-nucleation active bacteria on the freezing of some model food systems, International Journal of Food Science and Technology, 1:41-49.

21- Lindemann J., and Suslow T.V. 1987. Competition between ice nucleation-active wild-type and ice nucleation deficient deletion mutant strains of Pseudomonas syringaeand Pseudomonas fluorescensBiovar I and biological control of frost injury on strawberry blossoms, Phytopathology, 77:882-886.

22- Lindow S.E., Arny D.C., and Upper C.D. 1978. Distribution of ice nucleation-active bacteria on plants, Applied Environmental Microbiology, 6:831-838.

23- Lindow S.E., Arny D.C., and Upper C.D. 1982. Bacterial ice nucleation: A factor in frost injury to plants, Plant Physiology, 70:1084–1089.

24- Lindow S.E. 1983. The role of bacterial ice nucleation in frost injury to plants. Annual Review of Phytopathology, 21:363-384.

25- Lindow S.E. 1987. Competitive exclusion of epiphytic bacteria by Ice- mutants of Pseudomonas syringae,Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 53:2520-2527.

26- Lindow S.E. and Gurian-Sherman D. 1993. Bacterial ice nucleation: significance and molecular basis,FASEB, Journal, 7:1338-1343.

27- Lindow S.E, and Andersen G.L. 1996. Influence of immigration epiphyic bacteria populations on navel orange leaves, Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 62:2978-2987.

28- Manulis S., Haviv-Chesner A., Brandl M.T., Lindow S.E., and Barash I. 1998. Differential involvement of indole-3-acetic acid biosynthetic pathways in pathogenicity and epiphytic fitness of Erwiniaherbicolapv. Gypsophilae,Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions, 7:634–642.

29- Mazaree M. and Ghasemi A. 1993. Identification and seasonal variation of populations of ice nucleation active bacteria on stone fruit trees in Shahrood, Journal of Plant Pathology,60:57-29.(In Persian with English abstract)

30- Mercier J., and Lindow S.E. 2000. Role of leaf surface sugar in colonization of plants by bacterial epiphytes, Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 66:369-374.

31- Mosivand M., Akbarievala S., and Hejazi M.A. 2005. Relationship between dispersion of ice nucleation active bacteria and frost damage in some of the crops in Iran,Applied science conference on ways to deal with frostbite, Yazd. (In Persian).

32- O’Brien R.D., and Lindow S.E. 1988. Effect of plant species and environmental conditions on ice nucleation activity of Pseudomonas syringae on leaves, Applied andEnvironmental Microbiology, 9:2281–2286.

33- O’Brien R.D., and Lindow S.E. 1989. Effect of plant species and environmental conditions on epiphytic population sizes of Pseudomonas syringae and other bacteria, Phytopathology, 79:619–627.

34- Rouse D.I., Nordheim E.V., Hirano S.S., and Upper C.D. 1985. A model relating the probability of foliar disease incidence to the population frequencies of bacterial plant pathogens, Phytopathology, 75:505-509.

35- Sahragard N., Banihashemi Z., and Taghavi M. 1997. Identification of ice nucleation active bacteria on stone fruit trees in Fars province, Journal of Plant Pathology, 330:209-215. (In Persian with English abstract)

36- Sahragard N. 2005. Decrease of frost damage (freezing) of flowers in stone fruit trees by controlling of ice nucleation active bacteria,Applied Science Conference on ways to deal with frostbite, Yazd. (In Persian).

37- Sarhan M.A.A. 2011. Ice nucleation protein as a bacterial surface displayprotein. Archives of Biological Sciences, 4:943–948.

38- Schaad N.W., Joneas J.B., and Chun C. 2001. Laboratory guid for identification of plant pathogenic bacteria,st Paul, Minnestota, Aps press.

39- Shimazu M., Mulchandani A., and Chen W. 2001. Cell surface display of organophosphorus hydrolase using ice nucleation protein, Biotechnology Progress, 17:76-80.

40- Suslow T.V., Schroth M.N., and Isaka M. 1982. Application of a rapid method for gram differentiation of plant pathogenic and saprophytic bacteria without staining, Phytopathology, 72:917-918.

41- Tang C., Sun F., and Zhao T. 2003. Construction of ice nucleation active Entrobacter cloacae for control of insect pests, Chinese Science Bulletin, 2:175-180.

42- Warren G.J., Lindemann J., Suslow T.V., and Green R.L. 1987. Ice nucleation deficient bacteria as frost protection agents. In Applications of Biotechnology to Agricultral Chemistry (LeBaron, L., Mumma, R., Honeyeutt, and Duesing, J. Eds), American Chemical Society. Washington.

43- Zhang C., Zhang H., Wang L., Gao H., Xiao N.G., and Hui Y.Y. 2007. Improvement oftexture properties and flavor of frozen dough by carrot (Daucuscarota) antifreeze protein supplementation, Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 23:9620–9626.