Yield and Yield Components of Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) as Affected by Micronutrient Application and Vermicompost in Two Kerman and Bardsir Regions

بوم شناسی کشاورزی

Article 4, Volume 9, Issue 2 - Serial Number 32, June 2017, Pages 505-519   

Document Type: Scientific - Research

DOI: 10.22067/jag.v9i2.51650

Authors

Alireza Karimi Gogheri^{* 1}; Mohammad Ali Behdani¹; Seyed Vahid Eslami²; Mohammad Hassan Fathi Nasri³

¹Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture, Birjand University, Birjand, Iran.

²Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Birjand, Birjand, Iran.

³Department of Animal Science Faculty of Agriculture, Birjand University, Birjand, Iran.

Abstract

Introduction
Despite the importance of oily crops in development of Iran, there are few studies on nutrition with micronutrient in these crops, especially for safflower. Safflower, a deep rooted oilseed crop, is grown in many areas of world because it can be used as oil crop, vegetable, birdfeed and spices. To achieve the acceptable growth and yield of safflower, it needs the sufficient micro- and macronutrient, so that recently, there has been an increased interest in evaluation of nutrient role in quality and quantity of safflower. Application of vermicompost in oil crop production systems of Iran has been increased; which it can improve soil structure by increasing aggregate stability as well as increase in water holding capacity and aeration. On the other hand, micronutrients are nutrients required by plants in small quantities to organize a range of physiological functions. The deficiency micronutrients is widespread in many parts of the country due to cultivation of high yielding varieties, intensive agriculture and increasing use of sulphur free fertilizers in large quantities with concomitant decrease in use of organic manures. There is little information on interaction of vermicompost and micronutrients combination on safflower. thus, this study was conducted to evaluate the effect of combinations of three important micronutrient consisted of sulphur, zinc and boron on yield and yield components as well as dry forage production of safflower in different vermicompost treatments.

Material and Methods
In this research, the effect of micronutrient application and vermicompost was examined on yield and yield components of safflower in Agriculture and Natural Resources Research Center of Kerman Province in two Kerman and Bardsir regions. The treatments were included vermicompost factor at two levels (0 and 6 t ha-1) and micronutrients combinations at 12 levels (no use, 100 kg ha-1 S, 200 kg ha-1 S, 3 ml L-1 Zn, 2 ml L-1 B, four twofold and two triplet combinations of the 3 micronutrients). A factorial experiment based on randomized block design (RCBD) was used. Vermicompost and S were used before planting as soil apply, while Zn and B were applied as foliar application. Dry forage at the flowering early and branch number per plant, head number per plant, grain number per head, weight of 1000 grains and grain yield at final ripening were determined. Analysis of variance, means comparisons (LSD at 5% probability level) and correlation coefficient were done in SAS software.

Results and Discussion
The results showed that application of vermicompost and micronutrient had positive and significant effect on head number per plant, grain number per head, weight of 1000 grains, dry forage and grain yield in both places. These could be attributed to improved soil porosity, water holding capacity and aeration caused by vermicompost. Vermicompost are also known as sources of plant nutrients and can improve soil physicochemical characteristics. Growth and yield of safflower plants in Kerman was significantly more than those in Bardsir, which was probably due to better conditions of soil in Kerman. Kerman had greater amount of nitrogen, potassium and phosphorous as well as higher level of soil organic matter. On average, vermicompost application at 6 t ha-1 was associated with 347 and 54 kg.ha-1 increasing in dry forage and grain yield, respectively. In the other hand, the highest dry forage and grain yield were obtained from plants treated with 200 kg ha-1 S, Zn and B as 2104 and 1433 and 1433 kg ha-1, respectively. Stimulated photosynthetic activity and synthesis of chloroplast and protein in result of micronutrient application might be reason of greater yield in these treatments. The grain number had the highest correlation with forage production and yield.
Conclusion
In general, the result of this study revealed that in both places, vermicompost and micronutrient application had positive interaction, so that the greatest forage and grain production were observed in vermicompost application with triple combination of S, Zn and B.

Keywords

Boron; Organic fertilizer; sulfur; Zinc

References

Altaf, A., Khan, I., and Abedin, Z. 2000. Effect of sulfur fertilization on oil accumulation, acetyl-COA concentration and acetyl-COA carboxylase activity in the developing seeds of rapeseed (Brassica campestris L.). Australian Journal Agricultural 51: 1023-1029.

Anwar, M., Patra, D.D., Chand, S., Alpesh, K., Naqvi, A.A., and Khanuja, S.P.S. 2005. Effect of organic manures and inorganic fertilizer on growth, herb and oil yield, nutrient accumulation, and oil quality of French basil. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis 36: 1737-1746.

Arancon, N.Q., Edwards, C.A., Bierman, P., Welch, C., and Metzger, J.D. 2004. Influences of vermicomposts on field strawberries: 1. Effects on growth and yields. Bioresorces Technology 93: 145-153.

Atiyeh, R.M., Arancon, N.Q., Edwards, C.A., and Metzger, J.D. 2002. The influence of humic acids derived from earthworm processed organic wastes on plant growth. Bioresources Technology 84: 7-14.

Azimzadeh, S.M. 2013. Study on replacement probability of composted organic manure with chemical fertilizer in Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) organic farming. International Journal of Agriculture and Crop Sciences 19: 1304-1311.

Azimzadeh, S.M. 2015. Soil physical properties after two years application of organic fertilizers in safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L) planting. International Journal of Farming and Allied Sciences 4: 341-351.

Banks, L.W. 2004. Effect of timing of foliar zinc fertilizer on yield component of soybeans. Experimental Agriculture and Animal Husbandry 116: 226-231.

Cavender, N.D., Atiyeh, R.M., and Knee, M. 2003. Vermicompost stimulates mycorrhizal colonization of roots of sorghum bicolor at the expense of plant growth. Pedobiologia 47: 85-89.

Chaubey, A.K., Sing, S.B., and Kaushik, M.K. 2000. Response of grount (Arachis pogaea) to source and level of sulphur fertilizer in mid-western plains of uttar desh. Indian Journal Agronomy 45: 166-169.

Galavi, M., Ramroudi, M., and Tavassoli, A. 2012. Effect of micronutrients foliar application on yield and seed oil content of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius). Agricultural Research 7: 482-486.

Gupta, A.K., and Samnotra, R.K. 2004. Effect of biofertilizers and nitrogen on growth, quality and yield of cabbage (Brassica napus L.). Environment Ecology 22: 551-553.

Heidarian, A.R., Kord, H., Mostafavi, K., and Amin-Mashhadi, F. 2011. Investigating Fe and Zn foliar application on yield and its components of soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.) at different growth stages. Sustainable Agriculture 28: 41-54

Heidarianpour, M.B., Sameni, A., Sheikhi, J., Karimian, N.A., and Zarei, M. 2014. Effect of vermicompost and nitrogen on growth, nutrient concentration and absorption in sunflower. Journal of Science and Technology of Agriculture and Natural Resource 67: 217-227. (In Persian with English Summary)

Jalali, A.H., Bahrani, M.J., and Karimian, N.A. 2011. Effect of crop residue management, application of compost and nitrogen fertilizer on grain yield and its components in maize cv. DC370. Iranian Journal of Crop Sciences 13: 336-351. (In Persian with English Summary)

Mallanagouda, B. 1995. Effects of N.P.K and fym on growth parameters of onion, garlic and coriander. Journal of Medic and Aromatic Plant Science 4: 916-918.

Martinez, J.F. 2004. Sesame and Safflower Newsletter. Publication of Institutes of Sustainable Agriculture (IAS), Spain.

Mehrafrid, S., Azimzadeh, S.M., and Ehteramian, K. 2015. Effects of municipal waste compost and irrigation regimes on yield and yield components of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.). International Journal of Agriculture and Crop Sciences 8: 373-379.

Movahhedy, M., Dahnavy, S., and Modarres-sanavy, A. 2009. Foliar application of zinc manganese improves seed yield and quality of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) grown under water deficit stress. Industrial Crops and Products 30: 82-92.

Naderi, R., and Bijanzadeh, E. 2014. Organic amendments and nitrogen effects on growth and chemical composition of two cultivars of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.). Australian Journal of Crop Science 8: 577-581.

Noorabadi, A., and Ghafari, M. 2010. Examination the effect of planting date and micronutrient foliar application on agronomic properties of sunflower. The 3th National Congress on Development of Biologic Application and Optimum Use of Fertilizer and Pesticide in Agriculture. p. 1-4. (In Persian with English Summary)

Pirasteh-Anosheh, H., Emam, Y., and Jamali-Ramin, F. 2010. Comparison Effect of biofertilizer and chemical fertilization on sunflower growth, yield and oil percentage under different level of drought stress. Journal of Agroecology 3: 492-501. (In Persian with English Summary)

Pirdashti, H., Motaghian, A., and Bahmanyar, M.A. 2010. Effect of organic amendments application on grain yield, leaf chlorophyll content and some morphological characteristics in soybean cultures. Journal of Plant Nutrition 33: 485-495.

Ravi, S., Channal, H.T., Hebsur, N.S., Patil, B.N., and Dharmatti, R. 2008. Effect of sulphur, zinc and iron nutrition on growth, yield, nutrient uptake and quality of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) Agriculture Science 21: 382-385.

Ravindran, B., Dinesh, S.L., Kennedy, L., and Sekaran, G. 2008. Vermicomposting of solid waste generated from Leather Industries using epigeic earth worm eisenia fetida. Applied Biochemical Biotechnology 151: 480–488.

Rezvani-Moghaddam, P., Mohammadabadi, A.A., and Moradi, R. 2010. Evaluation the effect of chemical and organic fertilizers on yield and yield components of sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) in different planting density. Journal of Agroecology 3: 256-265. (In Persian with English Summary)

Rezvantalab N., Pirdashti, H., Bahmanyar, M.A., and Abasian, A. 2008. Study on yield and yield components of corn Zea mays L. response to different types and rates of organic and chemical fertilizers. Journal of Agriculture Science 15: 1-10.

Sarker, S.K., Chowdhury, M.A.H., and Zakir, H.M. 2002. Sulfur and boron fertilization on yield quality and nutrient uptake by Bangladesh soybean. Biological Sciences 11: 729-733.

Singh, Y.P., and Mannj, S. 2007. Interaction effect of sulphur and zinc in groundnut (Arachis hypogaea) and their availability in tonk district of Rajasthan. Indian Journal of Agronomy 12: 1-11.

Taleshi, K., Shokohfar, A., Rafiee, M., Noormahamadi, G., and Sakinejhad, T. 2012. Safflower yield respond to chemical and biotic fertilizer on water stress condition. World Applied Sciences Journal 20: 1472-1477.