The Study of Weed Population and Seed Bank Dynamic and Soybean Yield under Different Tillage Methods

بوم شناسی کشاورزی

Article 1, Volume 9, Issue 3 - Serial Number 33, September 2016, Pages 575-592   

Document Type: Scientific - Research

DOI: 10.22067/jag.v9i3.60119

Authors

Roya Momen; Asieh Siahmarguee^* ; Ebrahim Zeinali; Farshid Ghaderifar; Behnam Kamkar

Department of Agronomy, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Iran.

Abstract

Introduction
An integrated weed management approach requires alternative management practices for herbicide use, tillage, crop rotations and cultural controls to reduce soil weed seed banks. Tillage is often used as a weed control system, but the effects of tillage on weed dynamics go far beyond the physical removal of growing weeds. Changes in tillage practices can cause shifts in weed species and densities. Tillage operations can have a major impact on the distribution of weed seeds in the soil and on seed survival. Seed depth in the soil profile has an impact on soil environmental conditions that influence secondary dormancy. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of tillage systems on weed and seed bank populations.

Material and Methods
A survey was conducted to study the effects of different tillage methods (Conventional tillage, Minimum tillage and no tillage) on the population and seed bank of weeds. An experiment was conducted in three fields of soybean (DPX Cultivar) in Ali_Abad Katool County at 2015. Sampling from weed populations (seedling) and seed bank was carried out at the beginning of soybean growth (before exerting control operation). Weeds were identified and counted at 126 points of field based on a 5× 5 m grid in 0.5×0.5m fixed micro plots. Sampling of soil seed bank was conducted based on W method in 0.5×0.5m quadrates at 0-5 and 5-15 and 15-30 cm depths, respectively. The results are shown as the high frequency of Portulaca oleracea in soil seed bank, so in the next stage investigated the germination and viability of Portulaca oleracea seeds from different depths of soil under the different tillage methods.

Results and Discussion
Generally, the observed species in the conventional, minimum and no tillage treatments were 3, 5 and 5 respectively. In every treatment, the Cyperus sp is the most importance observed species. The average of density of this herb in the conventional, Minimum and no tillage treatments were 191.23, 385.96 and 191.74 plant/m2, respectively. Weed free aria percent of Cyperus sp in the conventional, Minimum and no tillage treatments were 13/49%, 10.31% and 29.36%, respectively. Weeds seed density in the conventional tillage method (in three sampling depths) was lowest than the other two methods. The highest seed density was obtained in 0-5 cm depth in every three tillage methods. The maximum shanon diversity index was observed in no tillage treatment and in samples was taken in 0-5 and 5-15cm depth. The minimum shanon diversity index has seen in this treatment and in depth of 15-30 cm. There were different maximum germination percent of Portulaca oleracea seeds that it’s extracted from different tillage methods and depths. In average, maximum germination percent of this herb in the conventional, minimum and no tillage treatments were 43, 59 and 43%, respectively. In three tillage methods, the maximum germination percent was seen in the extracted seeds from 5-15 cm depth. But the minimum germination percent were observed in 15-30 cm depth in the conventional tillage and no tillage treatments, and 0-5 cm depth in no tillage treatment. Results showed highest grain yield of soybean was obtained in no tillage method.

Conclusion
We studied the influence of different tillage methods on weed seedling population, distribution of seed bank in soil profile, diversity and germination of seeds that extracted from different depths of soil. Result of this study showed the tillage, played a significant role in weeds and soil seed bank populations. Weeds seed density in the conventional tillage method was lowest than the other two methods. The highest seed density observed in 0-5 cm depth in every three tillage methods. Results showed death seeds percent in conventional and no tillage methods were lower than minimum tillage. The maximum shanon diversity index was observed in no tillage treatment. As one of the main goals in weed management is to prevent the domination of the weed flora by only a few species, thus the no tillage method seemed better than the minimum and conventional methods.

Keywords

Germination; No tillage; Soil profile; Species diversity; Tetrazolium chloride

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