Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Birjand

بوم شناسی کشاورزی

Article 10, Volume 9, Issue 3 - Serial Number 33, September 2016, Pages 862-877   

Document Type: Scientific - Research

DOI: 10.22067/jag.v9i3.56280

Authors

Alireza Karimi Gogheri¹; Mohammad Ali Behdani^{* 1}; Mohammad Hassan Fathi²; Seyed Vahid Eslami³

¹Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture, Birjand University, Birjand, Iran.

²Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Birjand University, Birjand, Iran.

³Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Birjand University, Birjand, Iran.

Abstract

Introduction
Optimum growth and acceptable quality of safflower requires sufficient and balanced amount of micro- and macronutrients in the soil. The macronutrients in soil include nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium can be provided by organic such as vermicompost. Sulfur (S) also is a most important macro-nutrient that mainly involved in the production of the protein, oil and improve the quality of crops. The most important micronutrients include boron (B) and zinc (Zn) are essential for optimal growth and quality of plants. Boron is vital element for normal growth and its deficiency causes stunted growth and reduced quality. Zinc plays an important role in various biochemical processes of plants, so that each secondary factor that reduce availability of this element to plants causes deficiency symptoms in various forms such as reduced growth, yield and zinc concentration in different plants organ such as grain . Integrated application of vermicompost and additional fertilizers positively interact to increase plant growth and forage quality. Safflower is one of the most important oil crops in Iran, which in some cases could also have industrial or forage applications. In addition to oil purpose, safflower has also potential for forage production for livestock.
Material and Methods
The current study was carried out in a factorial experiment based on randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications in two areas in Kerman Province. The treatments included two vermicompost levels: 0 and 6 t.ha-1 and 12 additional fertilizers combinations: no additional fertilizers use, 100 kg.ha-1 sulfur (S1), 200 kg.ha-1 sulfur (S2), 3 ml.L-1 zinc (Zn), 2 ml.L-1 boron (B), 100 kg.ha-1 sulfur + zinc (S1Zn), 100 kg.ha-1 sulfur + boron (S1B), 200 kg.ha-1 sulfur + zinc (S2Zn), 200 kg.ha-1 sulfur + boron (S2B), zinc + boron (ZnB), 100 kg.ha-1 sulfur + zinc + boron (S1ZnB) and 200 kg.ha-1 sulfur + zinc + boron (S2ZnB). Sulphur was used as granulated fertilizers in soil applied form, while zinc and boron were applied as foliar spraying in solutions with 35% and 22% purity, respectively. The measured traits included dry matter, ash, calcium, crude protein, ether extract, acid detergent fiber (ADF) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF).
Results and Discussion
This study results, showed that the effects of location and additional fertilizers were significant on all measured traits, while vermicompost had significant effect on dry matter, ash, calcium and crude protein. In the other hand, interactions of location -vermicompost and location -vermicompost-additional fertilizers interactions significantly affected forage dry matter and extract ether. The results showed that vermicompost application increased dry matter yield (37.2%) and amount of ash (29.9%), calcium (20.8%) and crude protein (32%), but, had no significant effect on ether extract and acid detergent fibers and neutral detergent fibers. Additional fertilizers had positive and significant effect on all measured traits, so that plants treated with additional fertilizers, especially with combined application had more yield and amount of ash, calcium, crude protein, ether extract, however had lower acid detergent fibers and neutral detergent fibers. Usually there is a negative relation between ADF and NDF with crude protein. Dry matter digestibility means lower ADF and NDF in forage resulting in a better quality. For example, dry matter of plant in the treatment of no additional fertilizer use was less than S2ZnB by 46.1%. Additional fertilizers such as sulfur, zinc, and boron are among the major factors affecting crop quality, therefore, the researchers recommend that the additional fertilizers are also added to the basic fertilizers (N, P and K) (Altaf et al., 2000). Response of safflower to vermicompost and additional fertilizers was more in Kerman compared with Bardsir. In addition to climatic conditions, better soil properties in Kerman might be a probability reason. It could be concluded that safflower forage quality, especially in Kerman was equal to quality of forage plants such as maize, sorghum and millet.

Conclusion
In general, the results of this study implies an increase in dry matter yield and forage quality of safflower as affected by combined application of vermicompost with 100 kg.ha-1 sulphur soil applied and foliar application of zinc and boron.

Present study was carried out in a factorial experiment based on randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications in two areas in Kerman Province. The treatments included two vermicompost levels: 0 and 6 t.ha-1 and 12 additional fertilizers combinations: no additional fertilizers use, 100 kg.ha-1 sulfur (S1), 200 kg.ha-1 sulfur (S2), 3 ml.L-1 zinc (Zn), 2 ml.L-1 boron (B), 100 kg.ha-1 sulfur+zinc (S1Zn), 100 kg.ha-1 sulfur+boron (S1B), 200 kg.ha-1 sulfur+zinc (S2Zn), 200 kg.ha-1 sulfur+boron (S2B), zinc+boron (ZnB), 100 kg.ha-1 sulfur+zinc+boron (S1ZnB) and 200 kg.ha-1 sulfur+zinc+boron (S2ZnB). Sulphur was used as granulated fertilizers in soil applied form, while zinc and boron were applied as foliar spraying in solutions with 35% and 22% purity, respectively. The measured traits included dry matter, ash, calcium, crude protein, ether extract, acid detergent fiber (ADF) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF).
Analysis of variance showed effects of place and additional fertilizers were significant on all measured traits, while vermicompost had significant effect on dry matter, ash, calcium and crude protein. In the other hand, place-vermicompost and place-vermicompost-additional fertilizers interactions significantly affected forage dry matter and extract ether. The results showed that vermicompost application increased dry matter yield (37.2%) and amount of ash (29.9%), calcium (20.8%) and crude protein (32%), however, had no significant effect on ether extract and acid detergent fibers and neutral detergent fibers. additional fertilizers had positive and significant effect on all measured traits, so that plants treated with additional fertilizers, especially with combined application had more matter yield and amount of ash, calcium, crude protein, ether extract, however had lower acid detergent fibers and neutral detergent fibers. Usually there is a negative relations between ADF and NDF with crude protein, dry matter digestibility means lower ADF and NDF in forage resulting in a better quality. For example, dry matter of plant in no additional fertilizers use treatment was less than S2ZnB by 46.1%. additional fertilizers such as sulfur, zinc, and boron are among the major factors affecting crop quality, therefore, the researchers recommend that the additional fertilizers are also added to the basic fertilizers (N, P and K) (Altaf et al., 2000). Safflower response to vermicompost and additional fertilizers was more in Kerman compared with Bardsir. In addition to climatic conditions, better soil properties in Kerman might be a probability reason. It could be concluded that safflower forage quality, especially in Kerman was equality to quality of forage plants such as maize, sorghum and millet.
In general, the results of this study in two places, implies an increase in dry matter yield and forage quality of safflower as affected by combined application of vermicompost with 100 kg.ha-1 sulphur soil applied and foliar application of zinc and boron.

Keywords

Ash; Ether extract; Sulphur; Zinc

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