Effect Mycorrhizal Fungi on Reduction of Drought Stress Effect in Some Growth Traits of Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) Genotypes

بوم شناسی کشاورزی

Article 5, Volume 9, Issue 4 - Serial Number 34, December 2017, Pages 1099-1116   

Document Type: Scientific - Research

DOI: 10.22067/jag.v9i4.53336

Author

esmaeel gholinezhad^*

Payame Noor University

Abstract

Introduction
Sesame (Sesamum indicum) plays an important role in human health because of its high oil capacity (47 - 52%).. Arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis protects host plants against the detrimental effects of drought stress through mechanisms of drought avoidance. Strategies of drought avoidance in mycorrhizal plants rely on the ability to maintain an adequate hydration status on the level of whole plants as characterized by relative water content. So the aim of current study was to evaluate the symbiosis effect of two different species of mycorrhizae fungi on yield and physiological characteristics of sesame landraces under different drought stress levels in Urmia.
Materials and Methods
This experiment was conducted in 2014-2015 by using factorial split plot based on randomized complete block design with three replications in the research field of Urmia agricultural high school with 12 Km distance from Urmia. The main plot factor was consisted of different irrigation levels: normal irrigation (irrigation after 70 mm evaporation of crop (ETC)), moderate drought stress (irrigation after 90 mm evaporation of crop (ETC)) and severe drought stress (irrigation after 110 mm evaporation of crop (ETC)). Also three levels of Sub plot factors included two species of mycorrhizae fungi) Glomus mosseae, Glomus intraradices) and no -inoculation (control). Sub-sub plot factorss consisted of eight landraces of sesames (named Jiroft13, Zanjan Tarom landrace, Moghan landrace, Naz of several branches, TC-25,TS-3, Darab 14 and Dashtestan 5). Then Leaf Area Index (LAI), Total Dry Matter (TDM), Leaf relative water content (RWC), Specific leaf area (SLA), Specific leaf weight (SLW), Leaf Area Ratio (LAR), Leaf Weight Ratio (LWR) of different landraces calculated using SAS and MSTATC.
To compare the means, Tukey's test at 5% probability level was used.

Results and Discussion
The results of the experiment showed that with increasing the levels of drought stress, RWC, LAI, seed yield and LAR decreased significantly. Severe drought stress reduced RWC, LAI and LAR about 30 and 75 and 50 percent, respectively. The reason of LAI reduction in drought stress conditions was due to decreasing cellular turgecense and falling leaves at the onset of reproductive growth stage. By inoculation with mycorrhizal fungi species Glomus mosseae and Glomus intraradices in compare to non-inoculation, seed yield improved about 33 and 11 percent, respectively. It may be due to the effects of mycorrhizae on absorption of phosphorus and sulfur, lasting more leaves on the plant, maintaining and increasing the leaf size and improving the photosynthesis by more chlorophylls. Mycorrhizae application caused an increase in seed yield and improvement of physiological traits in compare to no inoculation (control). Among different sesame landraces studied in this research, Moghan and Zanjan Tarom landraces showed a superiority in seed yield, LAI, RWC, LWR and the first lateral stem above ground in compare to other landraces. It was also found that a significant proportion of seed yield reduction caused by drought stress was due to deterioration of physiological traits studied in this study.

Conclusion
The results showed that increasing LAI caused more absorption of light and ultimately seed yield incensement. Among different sesame landraces studied in this research, Moghan and Zanjan Tarom landrace showed a superiority in yield and physiological indices in compare to other landraces. Also it was found that a significant proportion of yield reduction caused by drought stress was due to deterioration of physiological indices studied in this study. Based on the results of this study, application of Mycorrhizae species, especially G. mosseae, is recommended as an effective approach for increasing seed yield and improvement physiological traits in sesame.

Keywords

Deficit-Irrigation; Genotype; Leaf Area Index; Specific Leaf Area; Specific Leaf Weight

References

Abbasi, P. 2003. Effects of different levels salinity and water stress on growth characteristics and physiological traits Aeluropus spp. Ph.D thesis. Islamic Azad University of Tehran. Iran. (In Persian with English Summary)

Aien, A. 2014. Effect of eliminating of irrigation at different growth stages on seed yield and some agronomic traits of two sesame genotypes. Seed and Plant 29(1): 67-79. (In Persian with English Summary)

Alizadeh, O., and Alizadeh, A. 2008. Effect of mycorrhizal in different moisture of soil on absorption nutrients in maize. Research in Agricultural Sciences 3(1): 101-108. (In Persian with English Summary)

Amerian, M.R., Stewart, W.S., and Griffiths, H. 2001. Effect of two species of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on growth, assimilation and leaf water relations in maize (Zea mays). Aspects of Applied Biology 63: 71-76.

Aminifar, J., Mohsen Abadi, G., Beigloii, M.H., and Samizadeh, H. 2014. Effect of deficit irrigation on yield, yield components and water productivity of soybean T.215 cultivar. Journal of Irrigation Engineering and Water 3(11): 24-34. (In Persian with English Summary)

Arias, D. 2007. Calibration of LAI -2000 to estimate leaf area index and assessment of its relationship with stand productivity in six native and introduced tree species in Costarica. Forest, Ecology and Management 247: 85-193.

Ashrafi, S., Heidari N., and Abbasi, F. 1997. Build design and calibration flume WSC. Proceedings of the 2th National Congress of the Soil and Water Issues 27-30 Feb. Tehran, Iran. (In Persian)

Baghkhani, F., and Farahbakhsh, H. 2009. Effects of drought stress on yield and some physiological characters of three spring safflower (Carthamus tinctorius) varieties. Agricultural Research 8(2): 45-57. (In Persian with English Summary)

Barea, L.M. 1992. VAM as modifier of soil fertility. Advances in Soil Science 15: 1-40.

Bethlenfalvay, G.J., Brown, M.S., Ames, R.N., and Thomas, R.S. 1988. Effects of drought on host and endophyte development in mycorrhizal soybeans in relation to water use and phosphate uptake. Physiologia Plantarum 72: 565-571.

Bryla, D.R., and Duniway, J.M. 1997. Growth, phosphorus uptake, and water relations of safflower and wheat infected with an arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus. New Phytology 136: 581-590.

Eskandari, H., Zehtab Salmasi, S., and Ghasemi-Golozani, K. 2010. Evaluation of water use efficiency and grain yield of sesame cultivars as a second crop under different irrigation regimes. Journal of Sustainable Agriculture Science 20(1): 39-51.

Esmaeilpour, B., Jalilvand, P., and Hadian, J. 2014. Effect of drought stress and mycorrhizal fungus on some morpho physiological traits and yield of Savory (Satureja hortensis L.). Journal of Agroecology 5(29): 169-177. (In Persian with English Summary)

Faber, B.A., Zasoske, R.J., Munns, D.N., and Shackel, K. 1991. A method for measuring hyphal nutrition and water uptake in mycorrhizal plants. Canadian Journal of Botany 69: 87-94.

FAO. 2012. Yearbook Production. FAO Publication. Rome, Italy. Available at http://faostat.fao.org/

Fayyaz, F., and Talebi, R. 2010. Determining relationships among yield and some yield components using path coefficient analysis in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.). Iranian Journal of Field Crops Research 7(1): 135-141. (In Persian with English Summary)

Frooghi, A., Gharakhloo, J., and Ghaderifar, F. 2016. Evaluation competitive power of two sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) cultivar with cocklebur (Xanthium strumarium L.) in different row intervals of crops. Electronic Journal of Crop Production 8(3): 19-40. (In Persian with English Summary)

Ganji Arjenaki, F., Jabbari, R., and Morshedi, A. 2012. Evaluation of drought stress on relative water content, chlorophyll content and mineral elements of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) varieties. International Journal of Agriculture and Crop Sciences 4: 726-729.

Gardner, F.P., Pearce, R.B., and Mitchell, R.L. 1985. Physiology of Crop Plants. Publication of Iowa State University. p. 327.

Gholinezhad, E., Ayenehband, A., Hassanzadeh Ghourt Tapeh, A., Noormohammadi, G., and Bernousi, I. 2011. Effect of irrigation regime on water and nitrogen use efficiency in sunflower at various levels of n-application and plant density under Urmia climate conditions. Water and Soil Science 20(1): 27-45. (In Persian with English Summary)

Gunasekera, D., and Berkowitz, G.A. 1992. Evaluation of contrasting cellular level acclimation responses to leaf water deficits in three wheat genotypes. Plant Science 86: 1-12.

Haghighatnia, H., Ndian, H., Rejali, F., and Tavakoli, A.R. 2013. Effect of two species of arbuscular-mycorrhizal fungi on vegetative growth and phosphorous uptake of Mexican lime rootstock (Citrus aurantifolia) under drought stress conditions. Seed and Plant 2(28): 403-417. (In Persian with English Summary)

Heidari, M., and Karami, V. 2014. Effect of drought stress and mycorrhizal species on yield and grain yield components, chlorophyll rate and biochemical compounds of sunflower. Evironmental Stresses in Crop Sciences 6(1): 17-26. (In Persian)

Husain, M.M., Hill, G.D., and Gallagher, J.N. 1988. The response of field beans (Vicia faba L.) to irrigation and sowing date. 1. Yield and yield components. Journal of Agricultural Science 111: 221-232.

Kadkhodaie, A., Razmjoo, J., Zahedi, M., and Pessarakli, M. 2014. Selecting sesame genotypes for drought tolerance based on some physiochemical traits. Agronomy Journal 106(1): 111-118. (In Persian)

Karimi, M., and Azizi, M. 1994. Analyses of Growth of Crop Plants. JDM Press. Iran. p. 111.

Kassab, O., Noernani, E., and El-Zeiny, A.H. 2005. Influence of some irrigation system

andwater regimes on growth and yield of sesame plants. Journal of Agronomy 4: 220-224.

Koocheki, A., Mokhtari, V., Khorramdel, S., and Taherabadi, S. 2016. Evaluation effect of irrigation on growth traits and yield of four sesame ecotype. Iranian Journal of Field Crops Research 13(2): 239-247. (In Persian with English Summary)

Kriedman, P.E. 1986. Stomatal and photosynthetic limitations to leaf growth. Australian Journal of Plant Physiology 13: 15-31.

Ladjal, M., Huc, R., and Ducrey, M. 2005. Drought effects on hydraulic conductivity and xylem vulnerability to embolism in diverse species and provenances of Mediterranean cedars. Tree Physiology 25: 1109-1117.

Mehrabi, Z., and Ehsanzadeh, P. 2012. A study on physiological attributes and grain yield of sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) cultivars under different soil moisture regimes. Journal of Crops Improvement 13(2): 75-88. (In Persian with English Summary)

Moghanibashi, M., and Rajmjoo, J. 2013. The effect of seed treatment with PEG and irrigation regimes on yield, yield components and seed oil of sesame. Iranian Journal of Field Crops Research 10(1): 91-99. (In Persian with English Summary)

Moll, R.H., and Kamparth, E.J. 1977. Effect of population density up on agronomic traits associated with genetic increases in yield of Maize. Agronomy Journal 69: 81-84.

Mosavi, J. 2006. The effect of phosphate solubilizing and mycorrhizal fungi on corn yield and its components. Agricultural Science of Iran 1(1): 46-60. (In Persian with English Summary)

Mousavi, S.F., and Akhavan, S. 2008. Irrigation Principles. Publication of Kankash. P: 414. (In Persian)

Nouriazhar, J., and Ehsanzedeh, P. 2007. Study of relationship of some growth indices and yield of five corn hybrids at two irrigation regimen in Esfahan region. Iranian Journal of Science and Technology 41: 261-272.

Nurbakhsh, F., Koocheki, A.R., and Nassiri Mahallati, M. 2014. Effects of planting pattern and seed ratio on growth indices of intercropped sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) and bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Journal of Agroecology 7(3): 285-298. (In Persian with English Summary)

Pagter, M., Bragato, C., and Brix, H. 2005. Tolerance and physiological responses of (Phragmites australisi) to water deficit. Aquatic Botany 81: 285-299.

Pourmoosavi, S.M., Galavi, M., Daneshian, J., Ghanbari, A., Basirani, N., and Jonobi, P. 2010. Effect of animal manure application on quantitative and qualitative yield of soybean in drought stress conditions. Iranian Journal of Crop Sciences 40(1): 133-145. (In Persian with English Summary)

Raei, Y., Shariati, J., and Weisany, W. 2016. Effect of biological fertilizers on seed oil, yield and yield components of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) at different irrigation levels. Agricultural Science and Sustainable Production 25(1): 65-84. (In Persian with English Summary)

Rahnama Ghahfarkhani, A. 2003. Effect of drought stress at different growth stages and its impact on corn yield and quality. school of agriculture. tehran university, tehran, iran p. 150. (In Persian)

rajabzadeh motlagh, F. 2011. Evaluation application of arbuscular mycorrhiza, nitrogen fixing bacteria and nitrogen fertilizer on yield and yield component of Phaseolus vulgaris. MSc thesis. Faculty of Agriculture, Shahrood University of Technology, Iran. (In Persian with English Summary)

Rezvani Moghaddam, P., Norouzpour, G., Nabati, J., and Mohammad Abadi, A.A. 2006. Effects of different irrigation intervals and plant density on morphological characteristics, grain and oil yields of sesame (Sesamum indicum). Iranian Journal of Field Crops Research 3(1): 57-68. (In Persian with English Summary)

Rezvani, M., Afshang, B., Gholizadeh, B., and Zaefarian, F. 2011. Evaluation of mycorrhizal fungus and phosphate rock effectiveness on growth and uptake of phosphorus in soybean (Glycine max Merr.). Journal of Soil Management and Sustainablc Production 1(2): 97-111. (In Persian with English Summary)

Saeidi, A., Tohidi-Nezhad, E., Ebrahimi, F., Mohammadi-Nejad, G., and Shirzadi, M.H. 2012. Investigation of water stress on yield and some yield components of sesame genotypes in Jiroft region. Journal of Applied Sciences Research 8(1): 243-246.

Sajadi Nik, R., and Yadavi, A.R. 2014. Effect of nitrogen fertilizer, vermicompost and nitroxin on growth indexes, phonological stages and grain yield of sesame. Electronic Journal of Crop Production 6(2): 73-99. (In Persian with English Summary)

Sanchez-Rodriguez, E., Rubio-Wilhelmi, M., Cervilla, L.M., Blasco, B., Rios, J.J., and Rosales, M.A. 2010. Genotypic differences in some physiological parameters symptomatic for oxidative stress under moderate drought in tomato plants. Plant Science 178: 30-40.

Silim, S.N., Saxana, M.C., and Singh, K.B. 1993. Adaptation of spring-sown chickpea to the mediterranean basin. ii. factors influencing yield under drought. Field Crops Research 34: 137-141.

Soleimanzadeh, H. 2010. Effect of VA-Mycorrhiza on growth and yield of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) at different phosphorus levels. World Academic of Science Engineering Technology 71: 414-417.

Talebi, R., Ensafi, M.H., Baghebani, N., Karami, E., and Mohammadi, K. 2013. Physiological responses of chickpea (Cicer arietinum) genotypes to drought stress. Environmental and Experimental Biology 11: 9-15.

Tarigholeslami, M., Zargham, R., Mashhadi Akbar Bojar, M., and Ovaisi, M. 2013. Effect of nitrogen fertilizer and water deficit stress on physiological indices of corn (Zea mays L.). Agronomy and Plant Breeding 8(1): 161-174. (In Persian with English Summary)

Troehzaloyanchan, T.E. 2003. Endo mycorrhizal fungi survival in continuous corn, soybean and fallow. Agronomy Journal 95(1): 224-230.

Weiss EA. 2000. Oilseed crops. 2nd Ed. Oxford, Blackwell Science. Oxford, U.K.

Wu, Q.S., and Xia, R.X. 2006. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi influence growth, osmotic adjustment and photosynthesis of citrus under well-watered and water stress conditions. Journal of Plant Physiology 163(4): 417-425.

Xia, M.Z. 1997. Effects of drought during the generative development phase on seed yield and nutrient uptake of faba bean (Vicia faba L.). Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 48: 447-451.