Studying some Aspects of Biology and Morphology of Root Tubers and Seeds of Ranunculus ficaria L.

پژوهش های حفاظت گیاهان ایران

Article 1, Volume 30, Issue 3 - Serial Number 33, September 2017, Pages 388-395   

Document Type: Research Article

DOI: 10.22067/jpp.v30i3.33996

Authors

S. Sohrabi^{* 1}; M. H. Rashed Mohassel¹; J. Gherekhloo²

¹Ferdowsi University of Mashhad

²Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources

Abstract

Introduction: Ranunculus ficariais L. (Fig buttercup or Lesser Celandine) is an herbaceous perennial belongs to Ranunculaceae (buttercup family) that behaves as a ground cover. It is a spring ephemeral that grows from a cluster of tuberous roots in late winter or early spring. It has glossy, dark green (sometimes slightly mottled), fleshy leaves on long petioles, and cordate to oblong-cordate in shape. The margins can be entire or wavy (1, 28). Flowers 15-60 mm in diameter, solitary at the end of each stem branch. Flowers have 3 sepals (rarely more), 3 petals, bright, pale to golden yellow, very rarely orange, shining on inside, receptacle concave, with short, pale simple glandular hairs. Achenes either abortive or maturing in a globular cluster, when mature 2•5-5•0 x 1•7-3•5 mm, more or less globular or obovoid, usually with few to numerous very short simple glandular hairs. This invasive weed spreads primarily by vegetative means through abundant tubers and bulblets, each of which can grow into a new plant once separated from the parent plant. The prolific tubers may be unearthed and scattered by the digging activities of some animals, including well-meaning human weed pullers, and spread to new sites during flood events (28). This weed has two subspecies, R. ficaria Subsp. ficaria and R. ficaria Subsp. bulbilifer that the second is probably the only subspecies of mountainous regions in many areas. It is an abundant weed of lawns and gardens, where it spreads rapidly and is very difficult to eradicate. According to our observations probably R. ficaria spread by tubers from mountains to fields that near to mountains in Lorestan province of Iran. The Aim of this study was assessment of this weed to improve its management practices in the wheat fields.
Materials and Methods: In order to study the some aspects of biology and morphology of tubers root and seeds of R. ficaria , two experiments were conducted at Laboratory of Gorgan University in 2011. For breaking root tubers dormancy, root tubers incubated for different storage time (7, 14, 21 and 28 days) and different storage temperature (2, 4 and 8˚C). To evaluate the effect of tuber size, six groups (very small

Keywords

Cotyledon; Mucilage; Pre-chilling; Tubers root size

References

1- Augsten H. 1957. Die Wirkung tiefer Temperaturen auf die Entwicklung von Ranunculus ficaria L. Berichte der Deutschen botanischen Gesellschaften,70: 233-244.

2- Axtell A.E., Di Tommaso A., and Post A.R. 2010. Lesser celandine (Ranunculus ficaria): A Threat to woodland Habitats in the Northern United statesand southern Canada. Invasive Plant Science and Management, 3(2): 190-196.

3- Bailey L.H., and Bailey E.Z. 1977. Hortus Third: A Concise Dictionary of Plants Cultivated in the United States and Canada, MacMillan Publishing Co., Inc., New York.

4- Bond W., Davies G., and Turner R. 2007. The Biologcal and non-chemical control of lesser celandine (Ranunculus ficaria L.). HDRA, Ryton Organic Gatdens,‍‍‍ Coventry, CV8, 3LG, Uk.

5- Brocklpbank K.J., and Hendry G.A. 1989. Characteristics of plant species which store different types of reserve carbohydrates. New Phytol, 112: 255- 260.

6- Bryson C.T., and Carter R. 2004. Biology of pathways for invasive weeds. Weed Technology, 18: 1216–1220

7- Cameron A., Yuan M., Heins R., and Carlson W. 1996. Juvenility: Your perennial crops age af‌fects flowering. Grower Talks, 60(8):30–32, 34.

8- Clapham A.R., Tutin T.G., and Moore D.M. 1987. Flora of the British Isles, 3rd edition, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.

9- Corurduroux J.C. 1966. Tuberisation et la Ficarie. Physiologie Vegetale, 4:341-354.

10- Fernald M.L. 1970. Gray's Manual of Botany, Eighth edition. D. Van Nostrand Company, New York, NY. p. 648.

11- Grime J.P., Hodgson J.G., and Hunt R. 1988. Comparative Plant Ecology, Unwin Hyman Ltd, London, UK.

12- Grime J.P. 2001. Plant Strategies, Vegetation Processes, and Ecosystem Properties. Wiley, Chichester.

13- Huebner C.D., Olson C., and Smit H.C. 2006. Invasive Plants Field and Reference Guide:An Ecological Perspective of Plant Invaders of Forests and Woodlands.

14- Jones B.M.G. 1966. Variation in Ranunculus ficaria. Proc. Soc. British Isles, 6: 275.

15- Kabeya D., and Sakai S. 2003. The Role of Roots and Cotyledons as Storage Organs in Early Stages of Establishment in Quercus crispula: a Quantitative Analysis of the Nonstructural Carbohydrate in Cotyledons and Roots. Annals of Botany, 92( 4): 537-545.

16- Klimes L., Klimesova J., and Osbornova J. 1993. Regeneration capacity and carbohydrate reserves in a clonal plant Rumex alpinus: effect of burial. Vegetatio journal, 109: 153–160.

17- Kubın P., and Melzer A. 1996. Does ammonium affect accumulation of starch in rhizomes of Phragmites australis.(Cav.) Trin. ex Stued?. Folia Geobotanica et Phytotaxonomica Journal, 31: 99–109.

18- Le Nard M., and De Hertogh A.A. 1993. Tulipa, p. 617–682. In: A. De Hertogh and M. Le Nard (eds.). The physiology of flower bulbs. Elsevier Science Publishers, Amsterdam.

19- Lockton A. 2006. Shropshiire Bottaniicall Sociietty Newslletttterr. www.shropshirebotany.org.uk.

20- Markham B. 1970. An eco-physiological study of Ranunculus ficaria L. in relation to light and temperature. Ph.D. thesis, University of London.

21- Mudrack F. 1935. Uber die assimilationstatigkeit und das Wachstum von Ficaria verna. Planta, 23, 71-104.

22- Ohkawa K. 1986. Growth and flowering of Ranunculus asiaticus. Acta Horticulturae , 177:165-172 http://www.actahort.org/books/177/177_22.htm

23- Rich T.C.G., and Jermy A.C. 1998. Plant Crib 1998. Botanical Society of the British Isles, London

24- Salmons S. 2003. Presentation to Mid-Atlantic Exotic Pest Plant Council, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA.

25- Shaver G.R., and Billings W. D. 1976. Carbohydrate accumulation in tundra graminoid plants as a function of season and tissue age. Flora, 165 : 247–267.

26- Sohrabi S., Rashed-Mohasel M.H., Nassiri Mahalati M., and Gherekhloo J. 2013. Some biological aspects of lesser celandine (Ranunculus ficaria) invasive weed. Planta Daninha, Viçosa-MG, 31(3): 577-585.

27- Stace C. 1997. New Flora of the British Isles. 2nd edition. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.

28- Swearingen J. 2010.WeedUS: Database of Invasive Plants of Natural Areas in the U.S. (in progress). Available at: http://www.nps.gov/plants/alien (visited 5 October 2016).

29- Taylor K., and Markham B. 1978. Biological flora of the British Isles. Ranunculus ficaria L. (Ficaria verna Huds.; F. ranunculoides Moench). Journal of Ecology, 66: 1011–1031.