Effects of Organic and Inorganic Sources of Zinc on Performance and Some Blood Parameters of Fattening Lambs

پژوهشهای علوم دامی ایران

Article 2, Volume 11, Issue 2 - Serial Number 38, June 2019, Pages 151-163   

Document Type: Ruminant Nutrition

DOI: 10.22067/ijasr.v1397i1.68412

Authors

Reza Alimohamady; Hassan Aliarabi^*

Bu-Ali Sina University

Abstract

Introduction The role of trace minerals in animal production is an area of strong interest for producers, feed manufactures, veterinarians and scientists. Zn (Zn) is one of the most important elements that has been recognized as a essential catalytic factor for more than 300 enzymes enzyme. Zinc also has an essential role in metabolism of nucleic acids, proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates. The National Research Council (1985 and 2007) recommended about 30 mg/kg zinc for ewes and growing lambs. However, the soil status and zinc concentration in native plants are also affected. In many regions of Iran, the Zn content of soil and plants is commonly low (less than 0.8 mg/kg). As a result, health and performance of animals reared on mainly homegrown roughage and grains may be affected as a consequence of nutritional deficiency. Recently, the use of organic sources of mineral supplements (complexes, chelates and proteinates) has increased. However, the results of organic and inorganic sources in ruminants are contradictory. Furthermore, few studies have investigated the effect of zinc on lipid parameters in ruminants. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to compare the effect of supplementation of 30 mg/kg Zn from the three organic sources and conventional inorganic source on performance, hematological parameters and mineral profile of Mehraban growing lambs.
Materials and Methods Thirty male lambs with 4-5 months of age and 30.8±2.8 kg average in weight randomly allotted to 5 groups. Treatments were: 1) Basal diet without zinc supplement (containing 19.72 mg/kg DM zinc); 2) Basal diet+30 mg/kg DM zinc as zinc methionine; 3) Basal diet +30 mg/kg DM zinc as zinc proteinate; 4) Basal diet +30 mg/kg DM zinc as zinc glycinate, and 5) Basal diet +30 mg/kg DM zinc as zinc sulfate. This trial lasted for 70 days. The dry matter intake, daily gain and feed conversion ratio were determined. Blood samples were taken on days 0, 35 and 70 before the morning meal. Chemical composition of experimental samples including (crude protein, neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, and dry matter) and blood parameters including (hematological, mineral and lipid profiles) were measured according to standard methods. This experiment was analyzed in a completely randomized design.
Results and Discussion: Average daily gain and dry matter intake for all groups fed the supplement were significantly higher than control group and feed conversion ratio also improved (p

Keywords

lamb; Zinc proteinate; Zinc sulfate; Zinc glycinate; Zinc methionine

References

Aliarabi, H., A. Fadayifar, M. M. Tabatabaei, P. Zamani, A.A. Bahari, A. Farahavar, and A.H. Dezfoulian. 2015. Effect of Zinc Source on Hematological, Metabolic Parameters and Mineral Balance in Lambs. Biological trace element research, 168 (1):82-90.

Alloway, B.J. 2004. Zinc in soils and crop nutrition. IZA Publications, International Zinc Association, Brussels, 1-116.

AOAC. 2012. Official Method of Analysis. AOAC International, Gaithersburg, MD.

Association of American Feed Control Officials (AAFCO). 2010. Official Publication of the Association of American Feed Control Officials Incorporated. St. Louis. MO.

Attia, A.N., S.A. Awadalla, E.Y. Esmail and M.M. Hady. 1987. Role of some microelements in nutrition of water buffalo and its relation to production. 2. Effect of zinc supplementation. Assiut Veterinary Medical Journal, 18:91-100.

Chavan, S.J., V. Dildeep, K.S. Bhamare, C. Ravishankar, V. Babitha, and C. Sunanda. 2016. The effect of organic and inorganic zinc supplementation on blood haemoglobin and serum cortisol concentration in malabari goat kids. International Journal of Science and Nature, 7 (3):611-613.

Daghash, H.A., and S.M. Mousa. 1999. Zinc sulfate supplementation to ruminant rations and its effects on digestibility in lamb; growth, rectal temperature and some blood constituents in buffalo calves under heat stress. Assiut Veterinary Medical Journal, 40:128-146.

El Hendy, H.A., M.I. Yousef, and N.I. Abo El-Naga. 2001. Effect of dietary zinc deficiency on hematological and biochemical parameters and concentrations of zinc, copper, and iron in growing rats. Toxicology, 167(2):163-170.

Eze, J.I., L.C. Ayogu, F.O. Abonyi, and U.U. Eze. 2015. The beneficial effect of dietary zinc supplementation on anaemia and immunosuppression in Trypanosoma brucei infected rats. Experimental parasitology, 154:87-92.

Fadayifar, A., H. Aliarabi, M.M. Tabatabaei, P. Zamani, A.A. Bahari, M. Malecki, and A.H. Dezfoulian. 2012. Improvement in lamb performance on barley based diet supplemented with zinc. Livestock Science, 144:285-289.

Garg, A.K., and R.S. Vishal-Mudgal. 2008. Effect of organic zinc supplementation on growth, nutrient utilization and mineral profile in lambs. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 144:82–96.

Gropper, S.S., J.L. Smith, and J.L. Groff. 2009. Advanced nutrition and human metabolism. Cengage Learning, 5th edition, Wadsworth, Belmont, CA, 417-428.

Jain, N. C. 1986. Schalm’s veterinary hematology. 4th ed. Philadelphia: Lea and Febinger, 178:208-225.

Jia, W., Z.h. Xiaoping, Z.h. Wei, C.h. Jianbo, G. Cuihua, and J. Zhihai. 2009. Effects of Source of Supplemental Zinc on Performance, Nutrient Digestibility and Plasma Mineral Profile in Cashmere Goats. Asian-Australian Journal of Animal Science. 22(12):1648-1653.

Karamuz, H., H. Agdam-Shariyar, A. Gorbani, N. Maheri-Sis, and J.G. Ghaleh-kandi. 2010. Effect of zinc oxide supplementation on some serume biochemical values in male broilers. Global Veterinaria, 4(2):108-111.

King, L.E., and P.J. Fraker. 1991. Flow cytometric analysis of the phenotypic distribution of splenic lymphocytes in zinc-deficient adult mice. Journal of Nutrition, 121(9):1433-1438.

Kraus, A., H.P. Roth, and M. Kirchgessner. 1997. Supplementation with vitamin C, vitamin E or beta-carotene influences osmotic fragility and oxidative damage of erythrocytes of zinc-deficient rats. Journal of Nutrition, 127(7):1290-1296.

Lopez-Alonso, M., F. Prieto, M. Miranda, C. Castillo, J. Hernandez, and J.L. Benedito. 2005. The role of metallothionein and zinc in hepatic copper accumulation in cattle. The Veterinary Journal, 169:262-267.

Malcolm-Callis, K.J., G.C. Duff, S.A. Gunter, E.B. Kegley, and D.A. Vermeire. 2000. Effects of supplemental zinc concentration and source on performance, carcass characteristics, and serum values in finishing beef steers. Journal of Animal Science, 78:2801-2808.

Mallaki, M., M.A. Norouzian, and A.A. Khadem. 2015. Effect of organic zinc supplementation on growth, nutrient utilization, and plasma zinc status in lambs. Turkish Journal of Veterinary and Animal Science, 39:75-80.

Mandal, G.P., R.S. Dass, D.P. Isore, A.K. Garg, and G.C. Ram. 2007. Effect of zinc supplementation from two sources on growth, nutrient utilization and immune response in male crossbred cattle (Bos indicus×Bos taurus) bulls. Animal Feed Science Technology, 138:1-12.

McDowell, L.R. 2003. Minerals in animal and human nutrition. 2nd ed. Elsevier, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 557-601.

Miller, W.J. 1970. Zinc nutrition of cattle: A review. Journal of Dairy Science. 53:1123-1135.

NRC. 1985. Nutrient Requirements of Sheep (5th ed). National Academy of Sciences, Washington, DC.

NRC. 2007. Nutrient requirements of small ruminants. National Academy press, Washington, DC.

Radostits, O.M, C.C. Gay, K.W. Hinchcliff, and P.D. Constable. 2007. Veterinary medicine textbook of the diseases of cattle, horses, sheep, pigs and goats. 10 ed., W.B. Saunders. 453-2050.

Rimbach, G., A. Walter, E. Most, and J. Pallauf. 1998. Effect of microbial phytase on zinc bioavailability and cadmium and lead accumulation in growing rats. Food and Chemical Toxicology. 36:7-12.

Rink, L., and H. Kirchner. 2000. Zinc altered immune function and cytokine production. Journal of Nutrition, 130(5):1407-1411.

Rupic, V., L. Ivandija. S. Luterotti, M. Dominis-Kramaric, and R. Bozac. 1998. Plasma proteins and haematological parameter in fattening pigs fed different source of dietary zinc. Acta Veterinaria Hungarica, 46:111-126.

Salama Ahmed, A.K., G. Cajat, E. Albanell, X. Snch, and R. Casals. 2003. Effects of dietary supplements of zinc-methionine on milk production, udder health and zinc metabolism in dairy goats. Journal Dairy Research, 70:9-17.

SAS Institute. 2004. User’s Guide. Version 9.1: Statistics. SAS Institute, Cary, NC.

Sobhanirad, S., M.H. Mashhadi, and R.B. Kashani. 2014. Effects of source and level of zinc on haematological and biochemical parameters in Baluchi lambs. Research Opinions in Animal and Veterinary Sciences, 4(7): 389-393.

Spears, J.W. 1989. Zinc methionine for ruminants: Relative bioavailability of zinc in lambs and effects on growth and performance of growing heifers. Journal of Animal Science, 67:835-843.

Spears, J.W. 1996. Organic trace minerals in ruminant nutrition. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 58:151-163.

Spears, J.W. 2003. Trace mineral bioavailability in ruminants. Journal of Nutrition, 133:1506-1509.

Spears, J.W., and W.P. Weiss. 2008. Role of antioxidants and trace elements in health and immunity of transition dairy cows. The Veterinary Journal, 176:70-76.

Spears, J.W., P. Schlegel, M.C. Seal, and K.E. Lloyd. 2004. Bioavailability of zinc from zinc sulfate and different organic zinc sources and their effects on ruminal volatile fatty acid proportions. Livestock Production Science, 90:211-217.

Spears, J.W., R. Harvey., and T. Brown. 1991. Effects of zinc methionine and zinc oxide on performance, blood characteristics, and antibody titer response to viral vaccination in stressed feeder calves. Journal of American Veterinary Medical Association, 199:1731.

Suttle N.F. 2010. Mineral Nutrition of Livestock. 4th ed. CABI Publishing, New York.

Vansoest, P.J., J.B. Robertson, and B.A. Lewis. 1991. Methods of dietary fiber, neutral detergent fiber and non-starch polysaccharides in relation to animal nutrition. Journal of Dairy Science, 74:3583-3587.

Wang, R.L., J.G. Liang, L. Lu, L.Y. Zhang, S.F. Li, and X.G. Luo. 2013. Effect of zinc source on performance, zinc status, immune response and rumen fermentation of lactating cows. Biological Trace Element Research, 152(1):16-24.

Wieringa, F.T., J. Berger, M.A. Dijkhuizen, A. Hidayat, N.X. Ninh, B. Utomo, E. Wasantwisut, and P. Winichagoon. 2007. Combined iron and zinc supplementation in infants improved iron and zinc status, but interactions reduced efficacy in a multicountry trial in southeast Asia. Journal of Nutrition, 137(2):466-471.

Wright, C., and J.W. Spears. 2004. Effect of zinc source and dietary level on zinc metabolism in Holstein calves. Journal of Dairy Science, 87(4):1085-1091

Wu, Y., and Z. Sun. 2004. Effects of zinc and selenium on the disorders of blood glucose and lipid metabolism and its molecular mechanism in diabetic rats. Wei Sheng Yan Jiu, 33:70-73.

Zhang, W., R., Wang, D.O., Kleemann, D., Lu, X., Zhu, C. Zhang, and Z. Jia. 2008. Effects of dietary copper on nutrient digestibility, growth performance and plasma copper status in cashmere goats. Small Ruminant Research. 74:188-193.