The Effect of Weed Interference duration on Agronomical Traits and Yield of Three Safflower Cultivars

پژوهش های حفاظت گیاهان ایران

Article 5, Volume 31, Issue 1 - Serial Number 35, March 2017, Pages 81-91   

Document Type: Research Article

DOI: 10.22067/jpp.v31i1.50640

Authors

R. Mohmad Alinejadi¹; Seeyed Gholamreza Moosavi^{* 2}

¹Islamic Azad University, Birjand

²Birjand Branch, Islamic Azad University, Birjand, Iran

Abstract

Introduction Weed control is an essential part of all crop production systems. Weeds reduce yields by competing with crops for water, nutrients, and sunlight. Weeds also directly reduce profits by hindering harvest operations, lowering crop quality, and producing chemicals which are harmful to crop plants. Results of researches have shown that good weed control within the first four to six weeks after crops are planted is critical in order to avoid a yield reduction by weeds. There are many cultural, mechanical, and chemical methods of weed control which are extremely effective if applied at the correct time. Fields that are kept free of weeds for the first four to six weeks after planting give the crop a "head start" which enables it to shade out or otherwise out compete weeds that emerge later in the season.
Materials and Methods In order to study the effect of weeds interference on morphological traits, yield and yield components of three safflower cultivars, as well as weed species density and dry weight , a factorial experiment based on a randomized complete block design with three replications was conducted in factorial at the Agricultural and Natural Resources Center of South Khorasan province during 2012 growing season. Experimental treatments consisted of three safflower cultivars (Goldasht, Padideh and Golsefid) and six weed interferences (control or without weeds throughout the growing season, interference until stem elongation, branching, flowering, end of grain filling period and the end of growing season).. Measuring traits included the number of branches, head diameter, number of head per square meter, number of seed per head, seed weight, seed yield, biomass, oil percentage, and oil yield of safflower. Within weed species were identified, counted, clipped at ground level and oven-dried at 72 °C for 48 hours, then weighed to determine their dry matter. All data were subjected to analysis of variance using SAS statistical software and Duncan's multiple range procedure was employed at probability level of 5%.
Results and Discussion Results showed that all measured traits except head diameter, weeds density and dry weight were significantly differed among cultivars. Number of head per square meter, seed and biological yield, oil percentage and oil yield in the Padideh cultivar was higher than two other cultivars whilst its seed yield had no significant difference with Golsefid cultivar. Interference treatments showed a significant effect on head diameter, number of seed per head, seed and biological yield, oil yield, weeds density and dry weight . Safflower seed yield decreased considerably by extending of weeds interference duration so that interference until flowering, end of grain filling period and the end of growing season were obtained 19.3%, 28.3% and 51.4% compared to control (296.37 g m-2), respectively. Also, weed interference until the end of growing season of safflower reduced oil yield in comparison to control by 35.6%. Simple correlation analysis, revealed seed yield was positively correlated with all the traits except seed weight and oil percentage. The highest weed density (98.7 plants per m2) was observed in interference until stem elongation. Also, increasing of interference duration caused decreased weed density per unit area., So that, weeds dry weight per unit area was increased until the end of grain filling stage, despite the decline in weed density. The results of our study demonstrated that extending of weed interference duration until the end of growing season led to reducing of safflower cultivars yield. Also, Padideh cultivar had the highest oil percentage and oil yield, 25.7%and 70.5 g m-2, respectively.
Conclusions The study of weed populations and their dry weight per unit area showed that weed dry weight has increased with increasing of weed interference period, in spite of decreasing of their density. The results revealed that the presence of weeds throughout the growing season reduces the yield of safflower cultivars while the level of decline was different in cultivars. Therefore, yield of Padideh cultivar in the presence and absence of weeds was more than two other cultivars. The highest seed yield was recorded from weed control treatments of early growth. In general, weed control in safflower should be done in branching or stem elongation stage.

Keywords

Oil percentage; Competition; Branching; head; Dry weight

References

Akbari G.A., Irannejad H., Hoseinzadeh K., Hejazi E., and Bayat A.A. 2010. Effect of wild mustard (Sinapis arvensis L.) interference on yield and growth indexes of canola (Brassica napus L.). Iranian Journal of Field Crop Science, 41:329-343. (in Persian with English abstract)

2- Asghari G., Khoshnam M., and Rabiei M. 2010. Comparison of critical period of weed control in two planting distances on yield of canola (Brassica napus L.). Iranian Journal of Weed Science, 2 (6):41-55.

3- Asghari J., Vahedi A., and Khoshghol H.R. 2011. Critical period of weeds management in sunflower fields of Wester Gilan Province. Plants Protection Journal, 25(2):116-126. (in Persian with English abstract)

4- Blackshaw R.E. 1993. Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius) density and row spacing effects on competition with green foxtail (Setaria viridis). Weed Science, 41:403-408.

5- Bonyadi M., Yadavi A.R., Movahdi Dhnavi M., and Fallah M.H. 2012. Determine the critical period of weed control in winter safflower )Carthamus tinctorius L.) in Yasooj. Journal of Agroecology, 3(4):419-429. (in Persian with English abstract)

6- Bukun B. 2004. Critical periods for weed control in cotton in Turkey. Weed Research, 44:404-412.

7- Bybordi A. 2007. Safflower plant nutrition. Parivar Publication, Tabriz. (in Persian)

8- Cazzato E., Borazio L., and Corleto A. 2001. Grain yield, oil content and earliness of flowering of hybrids and open-pollinated safflower in southern Italy. Proceeding of Fifth International Safflower Conference, Willston, North Dokota and Sidney, Montana,USA.

9- Chaab A., Fathi Gh., Siyadat S.A., Gharineh M., and Anaghcheh Z. 2006. Effect of plant population on corn competition potential with weed in Khoozestan weather conditions. Proceedings of the 2th Iranian Weed Science Congress, 29-30 January. 2006. Mashhad, Iran. (in Persian)

10- Chaudhary S.U., Hussain M., and Ali M.A. 2008. Effect of weed competition period on yield and yield components of wheat. Journal of Agricultural Research, 48:47-53.11- Daneshian J., and Jonoubi P. 2008. Evaluation of sunflower new hybrids tolerance to water deficit stress. Proceedings of the 5th International Crop Science Congress. 2008. Jejo, Korea.

12- Deltalab B., Kazemi-Arbat H., and Pasban-Eslam B. 2011. The effect of sowing dates on yield, yield components and oil content of three spring safflower cultivars (Carthamus tinctorius L.) under full irrigation regime in Tabriz. Journal of Crop and Weed Ecophysiology, 5(3):11-24. (in Persian with English abstract)

13- Ebrahimi M., Pouryousef M., Rastgo M., and Saba J. 2012. Effect of planting date, plant density and weeds on soybean growth indices. Journal of Plant Protection (Agricultural Sciences and Technology), 26(2):190-178.

14- Eftekhari A., Shirani Rad A.H., Rezai A.M., Salehian H., and Ardakani M.R. 2005. Determining of critical period of weeds control in soybean (Glycine max L.) in Sari region. Iranian Journal of Agriculture, 7:347-364. (in Persian with English abstract).

15- Ehsanzadeh P., and Zareian Baghdad-Abadi A. 2003. Yield, yield components and growth characteristics of two safflower genotypes under varying plant densities. Journal of Science and Technology of Agriculture and Natural Resources, 7(1):129-140. (in Persian with English abstract)

16- Esendal E., Istanbulluoglu A., Arslan B., Pasa C. 2008. Effect of water stress on growth components of winter safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.). Proceeding of the 7th International Safflower Conference, 3-6 Nov. 2008. Australian National Wine and Grape Indus- try Training Centre Wagga Wagga, New South Wales, Australia.

17-Farid N., and Ehsanzadeh P. 2006. Yield and yield components of spring-sown safflower genotypes and their response to shading on inflorescence and the adjacent green tissue in Isfahan. Journal of Science and Technology of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Water and Soil Science, 10(1):189-198. (in Persian with English abstract)

18- Ghamari H., and Ahmadvand G. 2013. Effect of different periods of weed interference and weed control on height, yield and yield components of common bean. Journal of Crop Production and Processing, 3(9):71-80. (in Persian with English abstract)

19- Hadizadeh M.H., and Rahimian H. 1998. Critical period of weed control in soybean. Journal of Plant Disease, 34:92-106.

20- Hamdan Y.A.S., Perez-Vich B., Velasco L., and Fernandez-Martinez J.M. 2009. Inheritance of high oleic acid content in safflower. Euphytica, 168:1-69.

21- Hamzaei J., Mohammadi Nasab A.D., Rahimzadeh Khoie F., Javanshir A., and Moghadam M. 2005. The effect of different periods of weed interference on yield and quality of three cultivars of winter rapeseed (Brassica napus). Proceeding of Weed Science Congress of Iran. 2005. Mashhad, Iran. (in Persian)

22- Holman J.D., Bussan A.J., Maxwell B.D., Miller P.R., and Mickelson J.A. 2004. Spring wheat, Canola and sunflower response to persian darnel (Lolium persicum) interference. Weed Technology, 18:520-509.

23- Horak M.J., and Loughin T.M. 2000. Growth analysis of four amaranthus species. Weed Science, 48:534-340.

24- Kavurmaci Z., Karadavut U., Kokten K., and Bakoglu A. 2010. Determining critical period of weed-crop competition in faba bean (Vicia faba). International Journal of Agriculture and Biology, 12:318-320.

25- Khoshgol H.R. 2007. Determine of critical period of weeds control of sunflower in west of Guilan. Thesis of Master Science of Islamic Azad University, Khoy Branch. P: 109. (in Persian)

26- Kyamarsii Z., and Kazemiani K.S.A. 2014. Effects of water deficit and redroot pigweed interference period at different growth stages on sunflower yield and oil percentage. Iranian Journal of Weed Science, 10(1):33-46. (in Persian with English abstract)

27- Mirshekari B. 2011. Study on the effects of different weeds control times on morphological traits, yield and harvest index of three autumn genotypes of canola. Crop Production Electronic Journal, 4(4):51-66. (in Persian with English abstract)

28- Mohammadi G.H.R. 2004. The effect of different periods of weed interference on some physiological and agronomic traits in chickpea. Agriculture doctoral dissertation of Tabriz University, P:185. (in Persian)

29- Mohammadi S., and Baghestani M.A. 2014. Integrated weed management effects on the growth characteristics and yield of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum). Iranian Journal of Cotton Researches, 1(2):93-104. (in Persian with English abstract)

30- Movahhedy-Dehnavy M., Modarres-Sanavy S.A.M., and Mokhtassi-Bidgoli A. 2009. Foliar application of zinc and manganese improves seed yield and quality of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) grown under water deficit stress. Industrial Crops and Products, 30(1):82-92.

31- Paolini R., Faustini F., Saccardo F., and Crino P. 2006. Competitive interactions between chick-pea genotypes and weeds. European Weed Research, 46:335-344.

32- Puricelli E.D., Delma E.F., Gustavo A.O., and Mario R.S. 2003. Spurred anoda (Anoda cristata) competition in narrow-and wide-row soybean (Glycine max). Weed Technology, 17:446-451.

33- Saadatian B., Ahmadvand G., and Soleymani F. 2012. Investigation of growth indices and yield of two wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars in competition with rye (Secale cereale L.) and wild mustard (Sinapis arvensis L.) weeds. Journal of Agroecology, 4(3):454-467. (in Persian with English abstract)

34- Samba T., Manson S.C., Martin A.R., Mortensen D.A. and Spotansk J.J. 2002. Velvetleaf interference effects on yield and growth of grain sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.). Agronomy Journal, 95:1602-1607.

35- Shafagh Kalvangh J., Zehtab Salmasi S., Javanshir A., Moghadam M., and Dabagh Mohammadi Nasab A. 2009. Effect of different N levels and weeds interference on yield, yield components and leaf chlorophyll of soybean. Journal of Sustained Agriculture Knowledge, 1(1):1-24. (in Persian with English abstract)

36- Shahvardi M., Hejazi A., Rahimian Mashhadi H., and Torkamaani A. 2002. Determination of the critical period weed control in sunflower (Helianthus annuus cv. Record). Iranian Journal of Agriculture, 4:152-163. (in Persian with English abstract).

37- Singh H.P., Batish D.R., and Kohi R.K. 2006. Handbook of sustainable weed management. CRC Press.

38- Yaghoubi S.R., and Agha Alikhani M. 2011. Effect of weeds natural population interference and control periods on yield and yield components of autumn canola (Brassica napus L.). Iranian Journal of Agricultural Research, 9(4):659-669. (in Persian with English abstract)

39- Zarghani H., Nezami A., Khajeh Hosseini M., and Izadi Darbandi A. 2012. Effect of weeding on yield and yield components of sesame (Sesamum indicum). Journal of Agricultural Research, 10(4):698-690. (in Persian with English abstract)

40- Zimdahl R.L. 2004. Weed-crop competition, a review. Oregon: International Plant Protection Center, Oregon State University.