Investigation of Growth Indices, Grain yield and Yield Components of Canary seed (Phalaris canariensis) in Response to the Different Levels of Irrigation, Organic and Chemical

بوم شناسی کشاورزی

Article 8, Volume 11, Issue 1 - Serial Number 39, March 2019, Pages 123-135   

Document Type: Scientific - Research

DOI: 10.22067/jag.v11i1.45399

Authors

Vida Varnaseri Ghandali; Parviz Rezvani Moghaddam^* ; Surur Khorramdel

Ferdowsi University of Mashhad

Abstract

Introduction
Canary seed (Phalaris canariensis L.) from poaceae family is a drought tolerant plant. Canary seed originally is native to Mediterranean region, and can be grown commercially in several parts of the world.
Evaluation of different systems of plant feeding to achieve a high yield and desirable quality is one of the important requirements in agricultural planning . Therefore, gradually replacing chemical fertilizers with biological and organic fertilizers will result in providing nutrient requirements of plants, improvement of physical, chemical and biological conditions of soil and reduction of adverse environmental effects. Therefore, the aim of this research is to study the effect of deficit irrigation and managing the use of chemical and organic fertilizers individually or  combined on yield and yield components of canary seed.
 
Materials and methods
To investigate the effects of different levels of irrigation water and integrated management of chemical and organic fertilizers on growth indices, yield and yield components of Canary seed plant, an experiment was conducted as split plot based on a randomized complete block design with three replications at Agricultural Research Station, College of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran during growing season of 2013-2014.
Main plots considered different irrigation regimes  with three levels (60, 80 and 100 percent of water requirement) and sub-plots considered for fertilizer treatments in six levels (chemical fertilizer, vermicompost fertilizer, manure, chemical fertilizer + vermicompost fertilizer, chemical fertilizer + manure and control). The amounts of treatment of nitrogen chemical fertilizer (200 kg ha-1 of urea source and 150 kg ha-1 of triple super phosphate) were applied in related plots. The amounts of manure fertilizers (30 t ha-1) and vermicompost (6 t ha-1) were determined and applied based on recommended amount of nitrogen. Water requirement of Canary seed was estimated by the OPTIWAT software under general condition of Mashhad
Before final harvest of the grain, 10 bushes were randomly chosen from each plot and traits such as bush height, the number of tillers per bush, the number of prolific tillers in each bush, the number of spikes in each bush, the number of grains in each spike, the grain weight in each spike and bush, 1000 grain weight and harvest index were determined. Then, considering margin from a surface equivalent to 1.4 m2, plants were harvested from the height 3-5 cm and the produced biomass in each plot was recorded. Then, grains were separated from straw and the grain yield was determined in each plot.
Finally, recorded data were analyzed by SAS software ver. 9.1 and mean comparison based on Duncan multiple-range test was conducted by MSTAT-C software in the probability level of 5 percent.  Result and Discussion
This study results indicated that different levels of water irrigation had significant impact on all studied traits except harvest index. All studied traits except harvest index and 1000-grain weight had been significantly influenced by fertilizer treatments. Interaction of different irrigation regimes and fertilizer treatments had significant effect on the traits including plant height, the number of tillers per plant.  The maximum height of plant was observed in irrigation treatment of 80 percent of water requirement and the maximum number of tillers per plant was observed in irrigation treatment of 100 percent of water requirement. In addition, under the irrigation treatment of 100 percent water requirement and 100 percent water requirement, the maximum number of grains per plant and the maximum biological yield was observed.  The maximum grains per plant and biological yield was observed under animal manure and vermicompost treatments. Animal manure and vermicompost treatments had higher yield than control and chemical fertilizer treatments. In most of the studied traits, irrigation treatment of 100 percent water requirement was not significantly different from 80 percent water requirement irrigation. 
 Acknowledgements
The authors acknowledge the financial support of the project (grant number 31441, 09 July 2014) Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran.

Keywords

Vermicompost; Cow manure; Organic fertilizers of integrated management; Growth indices

References

Ahmadinezhad, R., Najafi, N., Aliasgharzad, N., and Oustan, S. 2012. Effects of organic and nitrogen fertilizers on water use efficiency, yield and the growth characteristics of wheat (Triticum aestivum cv. Alvand). Journal Water and Soil Science 23(2): 177-194.(In Persian With English Summary)

Alizadeh, A., and Kamali, G. 2007. Water Use of Plants in Iran. Astan Qods Publication, Mashhad, Iran. 228 pp. (In Persian)

Kanaani Alvar, A., Raei, Y., Zehtab Salmasi, S., and Nasrollazadeh, 2012. Study the effects of biological and nitrogen fertilizers on yield and some morphological traits of two spring barley (Hodeum vulgare L.) varieties under rainfed conditions. Sustainable Agriculture and Production Science 23(1): 20-29. (In Persian with English Summary)

AOAC. 2000. Official Methods of Analysis, 17th Ed. Association of Official Analytical Chemists, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA.

Arancon, N., Edwards, C. A. Bierman, P., Welch, C., and Metzger, J.D. 2004. Influence of vermicompost on field strawberries. I: Effects on Growth and Yields. Bioresearch Technology 93: 145-153.

Arazmjoo, E. 2008. Effect of drought stress and different fertilizers on quantitative and qualitative yield of chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla L.) case study: Sistan. MSc dissertation, Faculty of Agriculture, Zabol University, Iran. (In Persian with English Summary)

Chatterjee, S.K. 2002. Cultivation of medicinal and aromatic plants in India a commercial approach. Proceedings of an International Conference on MAP. Acta Horticulture (ISHS) 576: 191-202.

Dursun, A., Guvenc, I., and Turan, M. 2002. Effect of different levels of humic acid on seedling growth and macro and micronutrient contents of tomato and eggplant. ACTA Agrobotanical 56: 81-88.

Fischer, R.A., Rees, D., Sayre, K.D., Lu, Z.M., Candon, A.G., and Saavedra, A.L. 1998. Wheat yield progress associated with higher stomatal conductance and photosynthetic rate, and cooler canopies. Crop Science 38: 1467-1475.

Gavloski, J.E., Whitfield, G.H., and Ellis, C.R. 1992. Effect of restricted watering on sap flow and growth in corn (Zea mays L.). Canadian Journal of Plant Science 72: 361–368.

Ghosh, A., and Sharma, A.R. 1999. Effect of combined use of organic manure and nitrogen fertilizer on the performance of rice under flood-prone lowland condition. Journal of Agricultural Science 132: 461-465.

Gilesm, J. 2004. Is organic food better for us? Nature 428: 796-797.

Greenway, H., and Munns, R. 1980. Mechanisms of salt tolerance in nonhalophytes. Annual Review of Plant Physiology 31: 149-190.

Gusta, L.V., and Chen, T.H.H. 1987. The physiology of water and temperature stress. In: E. G. Heyne (Ed.) Wheat and Wheat Improvement. Agronomy Monograph 13, p. 115-150. ASA-CSSA-SSSA, Madison, WI 53711, USA.

Hodson, M.J., Smith, R.J., Van Blaaderen, A., Crafton, T., and O'neill, C.H. 1994. Detecting plant silica fibres in animal tissue by confocal fluorescence microscopy. Annals of Occupational Hygiene 38(2): 149-160.

Howell, T.A., Evett, S.R., Tolk, J.A., and Schneider, A.D. 2004. Evapotranspiration of full and deficit-irrigated, and dryland cotton on the Northern Texas High Plains. Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering 130(4): 277-285.

Hsiao, T.C. 1973. Plant responses to water stress. Annual Review of Plant Physiology 24: 519-570.

Ibrahim, M., Hassan, A.U., Arshad, M., and Tanveer, A. 2010. Variation in root growth and nutrient element concentration in wheat and rice: effect of rate and type of organic materials. Soil and Environment 29: 47–52.

Jalilian, A., Ghobadi, R., and Farnia, A. 2010. The effect of different levels of drought stress and nitrogen fertilizer on quality of grain traits of corn [hybrid 704]. Iranian Journal of Irrigation and Drainage 8(4): 747-756. (In Persian with English Summary)

Johnston, A.M., and Fowler, D.B. 1992. Response of no till winter wheat to nitrogen fertilization and drought stress. Canadian Journal of Plant Science 72: 1075-1089.

Kitterer, T., Andrn, O., and Pettersson, R. 1997. Growth and nitrogen dynamics of reed canary grass (Phalaris arundinacea L.) subjected to daily fertilization and irrigation in the field. Field Crops Research 55: 153-164.

Kramer, A.W., Doane, T.A., Horwath, W.R., and Van Kessel, C. 2002. Combining fertilizer and organic inputs to synchronize N supply in alternative cropping system in California. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 91: 233-243.

Macilwain, C. 2004. Is organic farming better for the environment? Nature 428: 797-798.

Majidian, M., Ghalavand, A., Kamgar haghighi, A.A., and Karimian, N. 2006. Effects of water stress, nitrogen fertilizer and manure in during different growth stages on agronomic characteristics of corn (Zea mays L.). Electronic Journal of Crop Production 1(2): 67-85. (In Persian with English Summary)

Mallanagouda, B. 1995. Effects of N, P, K and FMY on growth parameters of onion, garlic and coriander. Journal of Medic and Aromatic Plant Science 4: 916-918.

Marcote, I., Hernandez, T., Garcia, C., and Polo, A. 2001. Influence of one or two successive annual applications of organic fertilizers on the enzyme activity of a soil under barley cultivation. Bioresource Technology 79(2): 147-151.

Mendal, K.G., Hati, K.M., Misra, A.K., and Bandyopadhyay, K.K. 2006. Assessment of (Brasscia juncea) in central irrigation and nutrient effects on growth, yield and water use efficiency of Indian mustard India. Agricultural Water Management 85: 276-286.

S.H. Mousavi Fazl, S.H., Alizadeh, A., Ansari, N., and Rezvani Moghaddam, P. 2014. Effect of different levels of irrigation water and potassium fertilizer on root and shoot growth of forage sorghum. Iranian Journal of Irrigation Drainage 4(8): 747-756. (In Persian with English Summary)

Oehl, F., Sieverding, E., Mäder, P., Dubois, D., Ineichen, K., Boller, T., and Wiemken, A. 2004. Impact of long-term conventional and organic farming on the diversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Oecologia 138: 574-583.

Ofosu-Anim, J., and Leitch, M. 2009. Relative efficacy of organic manures in spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) production. Australian Journal of Crop Science 3(1): 13-19.

Olesen, J.E., Askegaard, M., and Rasmussen, I.A. 2009. Winter cereal yields as affected by animal manure and green manure in organic arable farming. European Journal of Agronomy 30: 119-128.

Osborne, S.L., Scheppers, J.S., Francis, D.D., and Schlemmer, M.R. 2002. Use of spectral radiance to in – season biomass and grain yield in nitrogen and water stressed corn. Crop Science 42: 165-171.

Patra, D.D., Anwar, M., Singh, S., Prasad, A., and Singh, D.V. 1999. Aromatic and medicinal plants for salt and moisture stress condition. Recent Advances in management of arid ecosystem. Proceeding of Symposium Held in Indian, March 1997. pp. 347-350.

Peng, S., Buresh, R. J., Huang, J., Yang, J., Zou, Y., Zhong, X., Wang, G., and Zhang, F. 2006. Strategies for overcoming low agronomic nitrogen use efficiency in irrigated rice system in China. Field Crops Research 96: 37-47.

Pinamonti, F. 1998. Compost mulch effects on soil fertility, nutritional status and performance of grapevine. Nutrition Cycling Agro-ecosystem 51: 239-248.

Pulleman, M.A., Jongmans, J., and Bouma, J. 2003. Effects of organic versus conventional arable farming on soil structure and organic matter dynamics in a marine loam in the Netherlands. Soil Use and Management 19: 157-165.

Ramazani, S.H.R., and Taghi Assad, M. 2002. Genetic changes in grain yield and associated traits in improved barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) cultivars. Pajouhesh and Sazandegi 79: 2-9. (In Persian with English Summary)

Rezadost, S., and Roshdi, M. 2003. New cultivar wheat reactions towards insufficient irrigation systems. Journal of Agricultural Sciences Islamic Azad University 12(1): 124-131. (In Persian with English Summary)

Rezaei Nejad, Y., and Afyoni, M. 1999. Effect of organic manure on soil chemical characters, nutrient uptake and yield in corn. Journal of Science and Technology of Agriculture and Natural Resources 4(4): 19-27. (In Persian with English Summary)

Sachdev, P., and Deb, D.L. 1990. Influence of gypsum and farmyard manure on fertilizer zinc uptake by wheat and its residual effect on succeeding rice and wheat crops in sodic soil. Journal of Nuclear Agriculture and Biology 9: 173-178.

Satorre, E.H., and Slafer, G.A. 1999. Wheat, Ecology and Physiology of Yield Determination. Food Product Press, New York ISBN: 1-56022-874-1, p. 503.

Schnyder, H. 1993. The role of carbohydrate and redistribution in the source-sink relation of wheat and barley during grain filling- a review. New Phytologist 123: 233–245.

Sharma, RK, Agrawal, M., and Marshall, FM. 2006. Heavy metal contamination in vegetables grown in wastewater irrigated areas of Varanasi, India. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 77: 312–318.

Shata, S.M., Mahmoud, A., and Siam, S. 2007. Improving calcareous soil productivity by integrated effect of intercropping and fertilizer. Research Journal Agriculture and Biological Science 3(6): 733-739.

Taleei, A., and Bahram-Nejad, B. 2003. A study of relationship between yield and its components in landrace populations of wheat from western parts of Iran using multivariate analysis. Iranian Journal of Agricultural Sciences 34(4): 949-959. (In Persian with English Summary)

Traore, S.B., Carlson, R.E., Pilcher, C.D., and Rice, M.E. 2000. Bt and Non-Bt maize growth and development as affected by temperature and drought stress. Agronomy Journal 92: 1027–1035.

Turgut, I., Bilgili, U., Duman, A., and Acikgoz, E. 2005. Effect of green manuring on the yield of sweet corn. Agronomy Sustainable Development 25: 1-5.

Zhang, Y.J., Zhou, Y.R., Du, B., and Yang, J.C. 2008. Effects of nitrogen nutrition on grain yield of upland and paddy rice under different cultivation methods. Acta Agronomica Sinica 34: 1005-1013.