1- Alzawqari, M., H. Kermanshahi, and H. N. Moghaddam. 2010. The effect of glycine and desiccated bile supplementation on performance, fat digestibility, blood chemistry and ileal digesta viscosity of broiler chickens. Global Veterinaria, 96:593-601.
2- Boontiam, W., B. Jung, and Y. Y. Kim. 2016. Effects of lysophospholipid supplementation to lower nutrient diets on growth performance, intestinal morphology, and blood metabolites in broiler chickens. Poultry Science, 96(3):593-601.
3- Dänicke, S., H. Jeroch, W. Böttcher, and O. Simon. 2000. Interactions between dietary fat type and enzyme supplementation in broiler diets with high pentosane contents: effects on precaecal and total tract digestibility of fatty acids, metabolizability of gross energy, digesta viscosity and weights of small intestine. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 84:279-294.
4- Dänicke, S., O. Simon, H. Jeroch, K. Keller, K. Gläser, H. Kluge, and M. R. Bedford. 1999. Effects of dietary fat type, pentosan level and xylanase supplementation on digestibility of nutrients and metabolizability of energy in male broilers. Archives of Animal Nutrition, 52:245-261.
5- Dierick, N. A., and J. A. Decuypere. 2004. Influence of lipase and/or emulsifier addition on the ileal and faecal nutrient digestibility in growing pigs fed diets containing 4% animal fat. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 84:1443-1450.
6- Freeman, C. P. 1976. Digestion and absorption of fat. In: Boorman, K. N., Freeman, B. M. (Eds.), Digestion in the Fowl. British Poultry Science Association Edinburgh, Scotland, pp:117-142.
7- Friedman, H. I, and B. Nylund. 1980. Intestinal fat digestion, absorption, and transport. A review. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 33:1108-1139.
8- Guerreiro Neto, A. C., A. C. Pezzato, J. R. Sartori, C. Mori, V. C. Cruz, V. B. Fascina, D. F. Pinheiro, L. A. Madeira, and J. C. Goncalvez. 2011. Emulsifier in broiler diets containing different fat sources. Brazilian Journal of Poultry Science, 13:119-125.
9- Jansen, M., F. Nuyens, J. Buyse, S. Leleu, and L. Van Campenhout. 2015. Interaction between fat type and lysolecithin supplementation in broiler feeds. Poultry Science, 94:2506-2515.
10- Jin, S. H., A. Corless, and J. L. Sell. 1998. Digestive system development in post-hatch poultry. World’s Poultry Science Journal. 54:335-345
11- Jones, D. B., J. D. Hancock, D. L. Harmom, C. E. Walker. 1992. Effects of exogenous emulsifiers and fat sources on nutrient digestibility, serum lipids, and added fats in young chicks. Poultry Science, 68:1506-1512.
12- Joshi, A., S. G. Paratkar, and B. N. Thorat. 2006. Modification of lecithin by physical, 387 chemical and enzymatic methods. European Journal of Lipid Science and Technology, 108:363-373.
13- Ketels, E., and G. de Groote. 1989. Effect of ratio of unsaturated to saturated fatty acids of the dietary lipid fraction on utilization and metabolizable energy of fatty acid. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 40:111-115.
14- Krogdahl, A. 1985. Digestion and absorption of lipids in poultry. Journal of Nutrition, 115:675-685.
15- Leeson, S., and J. D. Summers. 2001. Nutrition of the Chicken, 4th ed. (Leeson and summers, Published by university book, Guelph, Ontario, Canada (N1H6N8).
16- Leeson, S., J. D. Summers. Fat values. 1976. The effect of fatty acid saturation. Feedstuffs, 8:26-28.
17- Mine, Y., H. Kobayashi, K. Chiba, and M. Tada. 1992. 31P NMR study on the interfacial absorptivity of ovalbumin promoted by lysophosphatidylcholine and free fatty acids. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 40:1111-1115.
18- Meng, X., B. A. Slominski, and W. Guenter. 2004. The effect of fat type, carbohydrase, and lipase addition on growth performance and nutrient utilization of young broilers fed wheat-based diets. Poultry Science, 83:1718-1727.
19- Murray, R. K., D. K. Grammar, P. A. Mayes, and V. W. Rodwell. 1988. Harpers Biochemistry, 21st edition, A Lange Medical Book. California. Pp:241-252.
20- Noy, Y., and D. Sklan. 1995. Digestion and absorption in young chicks. Poultry Science, 74:366-373.
21- Polin, D., T. L. Wing, and K. E. Rell. 1980. The effect of bile acids and lipase on absorption of tallow in young chicks. Poultry Science, 59:2732-2743.
22- Polycarpo, G. V., M. F. C. Burbarelli, A. C. P. Carão, C. E. B. Merseguel, J. C. Dadalt, S. R. L. Maganha, R. L. M. Sousa, V. C. Cruz-Polycarpo, and R. Albuquerque. 2016. Effects of lipid sources, lysophospholipids and organic acids in maize-based broiler diets on nutrient balance, liver concentration of fat-soluble vitamins, jejunal microbiota and performance. British Poultry Science, 59 (6):788-98.
23- Raju, M. V. L. N., S. V. R. Rao, P. P. Chakrabarti, B. V. S. K. Rao, A. K. Panda, B. L. A. P. Devi, V. Sujatha, J. R. C. Reddy, G. Shyam Sunder, and R. B. N. Prasad. 2011. Rice bran lysolecithin as a source of energy in broiler chicken diet. British Poultry Science, 52:769-774.
24- Renner, R., and F. W. Hill. 1961. Factors affecting the absorbability of saturated fatty acids in the chick. Journal of Nutrition, 74:254-258.
25- Rochell, S., J. Bjk, and W. A. Dozier. 2011. Energy determination of corn co-products fed to broiler chicks from 15 to 24 days of age, and use of composition analysis to predict nitrogen-corrected apparent metabolizable energy. Poultry Science, 90:1999-2007.
26- Schwarzer, K., and C. A. Adams. 1996. The influence of specific phospholipids as absorption enhancer in animal nutrition. Lipid/Fett, 98:304-308.
27- Sibbald, I. R. 1977. The TME system. II. Feedstuffs values and conversion data. Feedstuffs, Poultry Science, 56 (6):2079-2086
28- Sibbald, I. R., and J. K. G. Kramer. 1977. The TME values of fats and fat mixtures. Poultry Science, 56:2079-2086.
29- Sibbald, I. R., and S. J. Slinger. 1963. A biological assay of ME in poultry feed ingredients together with findings which demonstrate some of the problems associated with the evaluation of fats. Poultry Science, 42:313-325
30- Smits, C. H. M., P. J. Moughan, A. C. Beynen. 2000. The inhibitory effect of a highly viscous carboxymethylcellulose on dietary fat digestibility in the growing chicken is dependent on the type of fat. Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition, 83:231-238.
31- Soares, M., C. J. Lopez-Bote. 2002. Effects of dietary lecithin and fat unsaturation on nutrient utilization Symposium. Pp:8-15.
32- Upadhaya, S. D., J. S. Lee, K. J. Jung, and I. H. Kim. 2017. Influence of emulsifier blends having different hydrophilic-lipophilic balance value on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, serum lipid profiles, and meat quality of broilers. Poultry Science, 97:255-261.
33- Wiseman, J. 1984. Assessment of the digestible and metabolizable energy of fats for non-ruminants. In: Wiseman, J. (Ed.), Fats in Animal Nutrition.book.
34- Wiseman, J. 1999. Optimizing the role of fats in diet formulation. Poultry Science, Symposium. Pp. 8-15.
35- Wongsuthavas, S., S. Terapuntuwat, W. Wongsrikeaw, S. Katawatin, C. Yuangklang, and A. C. Beynen. 2008. Influence of amount and type of dietary fat on deposition, adipocyte count and iodine number of abdominal fat in broiler chickens. Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition, 92:92-98.
36- Xing, J. J., E. Van Heugten, D. F. Li, K. J. Touchette, J. A. Coalson, R. L. Odgaard, and J. Odle. 2004 Effects of emulsification, fat encapsulation, and pelleting on weanling pig performance and nutrient digestibility. Journal Animal Science, 82:2601-2609.
37- Zampiga, M., A. Meluzzi, and F. Sirri. 2016. Effect of dietary supplementation of lysophospholipids on productive performance, nutrient digestibility and carcass quality traits of broiler chickens, Italian Journal of Animal Science, 15:521-528.
38- Zhang, B., L. Haitao, D. Zhao, Y. Guo, and A. Barri. 2011. Effect of fat type and lysophosphatidylcholine addition to broiler diets on performance, apparent digestibility of fatty acids, and apparent metabolizable energy content. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 163:177-184.
39- Zhao, P. Y., H. L. Li, M. M. Hossain, and I. H. Kim. 2015. Effect of emulsifier (lysophospholipids) on growth performance, nutrient digestibility and blood profile in weanling pigs. Animal Feed Science Technology, 207:190-195.