تهیه نقشه پراکنش و گیاگان علف‌‌های‌هرز مزارع کلزا در شهرستان گرگان با استفاده از سامانه اطلاعات جغرافیایی (GIS)

پژوهش های حفاظت گیاهان ایران

مقاله 4، دوره 31، شماره 4 - شماره پیاپی 38، اسفند 1396، صفحه 605-616   

نوع مقاله: مقالات پژوهشی

شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22067/jpp.v31i4.57968

نویسندگان

سحر جنتی عطایی^{* 1}؛ همت اله پیردشتی²؛ حسین کاظمی³؛ معصومه یونس آبادی⁴

¹دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی ساری

²علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی ساری

³دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی گرگان

⁴مرکز تحقیقات کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی گرگان

چکیده

به‌منظور شناسایی گیاگان و تهیه نقشه پراکنش علف‌های هرز مزارع کلزا در شهرستان گرگان، تعداد 58 مزرعه این شهرستان در سال 1394 انتخاب و گونه‌های علف‌های هرز، براساس الگوی W در این مزارع نمونه‌برداری و شناسایی شدند. با استفاده از روابط موجود، تراکم، فراوانی، یکنواختی و غالبیت هرگونه بدست آمد. در هر مزرعه طول و عرض جغرافیایی و ارتفاع از سطح دریای مکان مورد نمونه‌برداری توسط دستگاه GPS ثبت شد. اطلاعات بدست آمده با استفاده از نرم‌افزار Arc GIS نسخه 3/9 پردازش و نقشه پراکنش کلیه علف‌های هرز مزارع کلزا تهیه شد. نتایج نشان داد که در مزارع کلزای شهرستان گرگان 35 گونه علف هرز وجود دارد که متعلق به 18 خانواده گیاهی می‌باشد. 1/17 درصد گونه‌ها متعلق به تیره گندمیان (Poaceae) و 4/11 درصد متعلق به تیره کاسنی (Asteraceae) و بقیه به 16 خانواده گیاهی دیگر تعلق داشتند. در مجموع 2/77 درصد گونه‌ها یک‌ساله، 8/22 درصد گونه‌ها چندساله، 80 درصد دولپه و 20 درصد تک‌لپه بودند. با توجه به شاخص غالبیت، مهم‌ترین رستنی‌های مزاحم در مزارع کلزای شهرستان گرگان به‌ترتیب اهمیت، شامل: علف خونی (Phalaris minor) با غالبیت نسبی 5/45 درصد، یونجه زرد (Melilotus officinalis) با غالبیت نسبی 4/29 درصد، شلمی (Rapistrum rugosum) با غالبیت نسبی 9/28 درصد و یولاف وحشی (Avena ludoviciana) با غالبیت نسبی 5/23 درصد بودند. شناخت علف‌های هرز مهم کلزا و نحوه پراکنش آن‌ها با استفاده از رهیافت‌های جدید، امری مهم در پیشبرد راه‌کارهای مدیریتی می‌باشد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

سامانه اطلاعات جغرافیایی؛ شاخص غالبیت؛ فراوانی؛ نقشه پراکنش؛ یکنواختی

مراجع

1- Aksoy A., Dixon J.M., and Hale W.H. 1998. Biological flora of the British Isles. Capsella bursa-pastoris (L.) Medikus (Thlaspi bursa- pastoris L., Bursa bursa-pastoris (L.) Shull, Bursa pastoris (L.) Weber). Journal of Ecology, 86:171-186.

2- Azizi M., Soltani A., and Khavari Khorasani S. 2008. Canola. Publication of university of Mashhad.

3- Beckie H.J., and Kirkland K.J. 2003. Implication of reduced herbicide rates on resistance enrichment in wild oat (Avena fatua). Weed Technology, 17:138-148.

4- Behdadian A., Soltani A., Zeinali E., and Ajam Norouzi H. 2012. The effect of crop management on nitrogen nutrition and yield of canola (Brassica napus L.) in Gorgan. Journal of Crop Ecophysiology, 6:185-200. (in Persian)

5- Behrendt S., and Hanf M. 1979. Grass-weeds in world agriculture. (BASF).

6- Black Shaw R.E. 1987. Wild mustard and lambsquarters reduce growth and yield of canola. Research hightlight leftbridge research station.

7- Buchanan F.S., Swanton C.J., and Gillespie T.J. 2003. Wild mustard. [On line]. http://www.gov.on.ca/OMAFRA/English/crops/facts/88-085.htm. [Accessed May 20, 2003].

8- Chhokar R.S., Sharma R.K., Singh R.K., and Gill S.C. 2008. Herbicide resistance in little seed canary grass (Phalaris minor) and its response to alternate herbicides. Weed Technoloy, 16:116-123.

9- Cousens R.D., Weaver S.E., Martin T.D., Blair A.M., and Wilson J. 1991. Dynamic of competition between wild oat (Avena fatua) and winter cerials. Weed Research, 31:203-210.

10- Crampton B. 1974. Grasses in California. University of California Press.

11- Densmore R.V., McKee P.C and Roland C. 2001. Exotic plants in Alaskan national park units. Report on file with the national park service – Alaska Region, Anchorage, Alaska.

12- Dogan M. 1999. A Concise taxonomic revision of the genus Alopecurus L. (Gramineae). Turkish Journal of Botany, 23:245-262.

13- Ghasemi M., Kamkar B., Bagherani Torshiz N., and Abdi O. 2011. Determine the dominant species of weeds in wheat fields of Gorgan, field (Gharehsou) using the geographic Information System (GIS). p. 1-4. In First Congress of Agricultural Sciences and New Technologies. 10-12 sep. 2011. University of Zanjan, Zanjan.

14- Gherekhloo J., Rashed Mohassel M.H., Nassiri Mahallati M., Zand E., Ghanbari A., and De Prado R. 2008. Greenhouse assay to investigate resistance of littleseed canary grass (Phalaris minor) to aryloxyphenoxy propionate herbicides. Iranian Journal of Field Crops Research, 6:353-361. (Persian in English abstract)

15- Grime J.P., Hodgson J.G., and Hunt R. 1988. Comparative plant ecology. Unwin hyman ltd, London, UK.

16- Hari O.M., Dhiman S.D., Hemant K., and Sajjan K. 2003. Biology and management of Phalaris minor in wheat under a rice/wheat system. Weed research, 43:59-67.

17- Hari O.M., S Kumar., and Dhiman S.D. 2004. Biology and management of Phalaris minor in rice-wheat system. Crop Protection, 23:1157–1168.

18- Hassan G., Mueller-Warrant G., and Griffith S. 2002. Differential sensitivity of Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) cultivars to fenoxaprop. Weed Science, 50:567-575.

19- Holm L., Doll J., Holm E., Pancho J., and Herberger J. 1997. World weeds, natural histories and distribution. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. New York.

20- Horandl E., Paun O., Johanson J.T., Lehnebach C., Armstrong T., Chen L., and Lockhart P. 2005. Phylogenetic relationships and evolutionary traits in Ranunculus s.l. (Ranunculaceae) inferred from ITS sequence analysis. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 36:305-327.

21- Hubbard C.E. 1972. Grasses: A guide to their structure, identification and distribution in the British Isles. Penguin Books, London.

22- Hulten E. 1968. Flora of Alaska and neighboring territories. Stanford University Press, Stanford, CA.

23- Johansson J.T. 1998. Chloroplast DNA restriction site mapping and the phylogeny of Ranunculus (Ranunculaceae). Plant Systematics and Evolution, 213:1-19.

24- Karen E., and Austin TX. 2005. Annual Bastard-Cabbage. Plant conservation Alliance’s Alien plant working group. http://www.nps.gov/plants/alien/.

25- Kelley W.R. 1953. Study of seed identification and seed germination of Potentilla spp. and Veronica spp. Memoir 317, Cornell university agricultural experiment station, New, York, USA.

26- Keshavarzi M., Khaksar M., and Seifali M. 2007. Systematic study of annual weed Phalaris minor Retz. (Poaceae) in Iran. Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences, 10:1336-1342.

27- Koucheki A., Nassiri Mahallati M., Tabrizi L., Azizi G., and Jahan M. 2006. Assessing species and functional diversity and community structure for weeds in wheat and sugar beet in Iran.. Iranian Journal of field crops research, 4:105-129. (Persian in English abstract)

28- Lak M., Min Bashi Moeini M., and Hatam Abadi Farahani M. 2011. Investigation on using of GIS for weed mapping of dryland wheat field in Markazi province. Quarterly of Plant Protection, 3:259-273. (Persian in English abstract)

29- Luzuriaga A.L., Escudero A., and Perez Garcia F. 2006. Environmental maternal effects on seed morphology and germination in Sinapis arvensis (Cruciferae). Weed Research, 46:163-174.

30- Macmullan M., Daun J.K., and DeClercq D.R. 1994. Effect of wild mustard (Brassica kaber) competition on yield and quality of triazine tolerant and triazine susceptible canola (Brassica napus and B. rapa). Canadian Journal of Plant Science, 74:369-374.

31- Mennan H., and Isik D. 2003. The competitive ability of oat and Alopecurus myosuroides Huds. Influenced by different wheat cultivars. Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry, 28:245-251.

32- Min Bashi Moeini M., Baghestani M.A., Rahimiyan Mashhadi H., and Alifar M. 2009. The distribution of weeds of irrigated wheat of Tehran province using geographic information system (GIS). Weeds Journal, 4:97-118. (in Persian with English abstract)

33- Min Bashi Moeini M., Ebtali E., Esfandiari H., Adim H., and Barjasteh A. 2012. Weed distribution mapping of irrigated wheat in Iran using geographic information system. Pajouhesh and Sazandegi, 95: 22-31. (In Persian)

34- Mitchell K.M., and Pike D.R. 1996. Using a geographic information system (GIS) for herbicide management. Weed Technology, 10:856-864.

35- Montazeri M. 1987. Chemical control of wild oats in wheat farming in Khuzestan. Journal of Plant Diseases, 23:29-34. (in Persian)

36- Montazei M. 1989. Weeds of wheat fields and their Chemical control in Gorgan. p. 208. In Proceedings 9th Iranian Plant Protection Congress. 8-13 sep. 1989. University of Mashhad, Mashhad.

37- Montazeri M. 1994. The study of performance of several herbicides in weed control in wheat. Journal of Plant Diseases, 30: 69-77. (in Persian)

38- Montazeri M., Zand E., and Baghestani M.A. 2005. Weeds and their control in wheat fields of Iran. Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection.

39- Montazei M. 2007. The effect of different densities of Avena ludoviciana, Phalaris minor and Sinapis arvensis on wheat yield and yield component. Pajouhesh and Sazandegi. 74:73-78

40- Muller M and Brandes D. 1997. Growth and development of Artemisia annua L. on different soil types. Verhandlungen der gesellschaft fur okologie, 27: 453-460.

41- Pacanoski Z. 2010. Biology, ecology, agricultural importance, and management of yellow sweet clover (Melilotus officinalis (L.)) Lam. Herbologia, 11:25-35.

42- Parther T.S., and Calihan R.H. 1993. Weed eradication using geographic information system (GIS) Weed Technology, 7:265-269.

43- Rashed Mohassell M.H. 1998. Hedera, the identification and control of important weeds of Iran. Publication of University of Mashhad.

44- Salimi H., and Angjy J. 1995. Studied biology and different densities of wild oat species Avena ludoviciana competition and damage the wheat crop. p 67. In Proceedings 12th Iranian Plant Protection Congress. 2-7 Sep. 1995. Karaj Agricultural College, Karaj.

45- Salonen J., and Laitinen P. 2011. First weed mapping in oilseed crops in Finland. p. 19. Weed mapping- European weed research society. 2nd workshop of the EWRS working group. 21-23 Sep. Jokioinen, Finland.

46- Seyedi Vafaei B., Narimani V., and Tahmasb Pour B. 2011. Recognition, determination of density and phenology of dominant weeds in East Azerbaijan canola fields. p. 1-7. In 5th National Conference New Ideas in Agriculture. 16-17 Feb. 2011. Islamic Azad University of Khorasgan, Khorasgan.

47- Singh S., Kirkwood R.C., and Marshall G. 1999. A review of the biology and control of Phalaris minor Retz. (Little seed canary grass) in cereals. Crop Protection, 18:1-16.

48- Singh S. 2007. Role of management practices on control of isoprturon-resistant little seed canarygrass (Phalaris minor) in India. Weed Technology, 21:339-346.

49- Soheili B. 2013. Distribution map and social characterization of weeds irrigated wheat in Ardebil province. Journal of Crop Ecophysiology, 26:159-180. (in persian)

50- Sorkhy Lalelo F., Dabbagh Mohammadi Nassab A., and Javanshir A. 2008. Assessment of leaf characteristics and root to shoot ratio in above and below ground interference of wheat (Triticum aestivum) and different densities of wild oat (Avena fatua). Journal of Water and soil Sciences. Isfahan University of Technology, 12:435-446. (in Persian with English abstract)

51- Thomas A.G. 1985. Weed survey system used in Saskatchewan for cereal and oilseed crops. Weed Science, 33:34-43.

52- Thomas A.G., and Donaghy D.I. 1991. A survey of occurrence of seedling weeds in spring annual crops in Manitoba. Canadian Journal of Plant Science, 71:811-820.

53- Tollenar M., Pobo P.A., and Swanton E.J. 1994. Effect of crop density on weed interference in maize. Journal of Agronomy, 86:591- 595.

54- Warwick S.I., Beckie H.J., Thomas A.G., and Mcdonald T. 2005. The biology of Canadian weeds, Sinapis arvensis. L. Canadian Journal of Plant Science, 55:171-183.

55- Whitehead R., and Wright H.C. 1990. The incidence of weeds in winter oilseed rape in Great Britain. Aspects of Applied Biology, 23:211-218.

56- Wilson J.P., Inskeep W.P., Rubright P.R., Coosey D., Jacobson J.S., and Synder R.D. 1993. Coupling geographic information system (GIS) and models for weed control and groundwater protection. Weed Technology, 7:255-264.

57- Wright K.J. 1993. Weed seed production as affected by crop density and nitrogen application. p. 275-280. In Proceedings of the Brighton Crop Protection Conference – Weeds, Brighton, UK.

58- Younes Abadi M., Salimi H., and Kashiri H. 2007. Identification and determination of density, frequency and uniformity of dominant weeds of canola in Golestan Province. p. 23-27. The proceedings of 2th Iranian Weeds Conference. Mashhad. (in Persian with English abstract)

59- Younes Abadi M., Safar Nejad A., Savari Nejad A.R., and Kashiri H.A. 2006. Effect of climatic conditions on weed frequency of wheat fields and comparison of Golestan province cities by cluster analysis (A case study of Iran). Pakistan Journal of Weed Science Research, 12:7-12.

60- Zand E., Rahimian H., and Koucheki A. 2004. Weeds Ecology. Publication of University of Mashhad.