The determine of nutrition value of Kochia (Kochia Scoparia L.) forage under salinity and deficit irrigation conditions

بوم شناسی کشاورزی

Article 16, Volume 11, Issue 2 - Serial Number 40, June 2019, Pages 619-634   

Document Type: Scientific - Research

DOI: 10.22067/jag.v11i2.75545

Authors

Bibi Elahe Moosavi Far; Hamid Reza Khazaei^* ; Mohammad Kafi

Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran

Abstract

Introduction
The conventional water resources and crops do not meet all the requirement of human society in dry and saline areas. Sea water and brackish water and salt tolerant plant should be considered for research. Salt tolerant plants (halophytes) are highly evolved and specialized organisms. They have well-adapted morphological, phenological and physiological characteristics allowing them to proliferate in the high salinity conditions and offer a low-cost approach to reclaiming and rehabilitating saline habitats. This approach would lead to the domestication of wild, salt tolerant plants  to use as forage crops. Kochia scoparia (L., Schrad) is a highly, drought and salinity resistant plant widely used as emergency forage for livestock. Kochia can establish on saline soils, not only to produce protective short-lived vegetation coverage, but also is being used as an alternative forage crop, especially in regions faced with forage shortage. Kochia also has high forage yield potential; Kafi et al. (2010) reported an annual forage yield up to 11 ton ha-1. On the other hand, there is no study on the effect of salinity and drought on the qualitative characteristics of forage in this plant. Therefore, the aim of this study was  evaluate the effects of different salinity stress and deficit irrigation on qualitative forage of Kochia scoparia.
Materials and Methods
In order to investigate the effects of different levels of salinity stress and deficit irrigation on quantity and quality forage of Kochia, a randomized complete blocks design used in spilt plot arrangement with three replications. A field study was conducted in Agriculture Research field, College of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University during 2015 growing season. Treatment consisted of three levels of salinity stress (0.9 (non-salinity water), 15.45 (mixture of non-salinity and salinity water) and 30 (salinity water) dS/m) and five water deficits (100% full irrigation, 75 and 50 % full irrigation, 75 and 50% PRD). Plant height, number of lateral branch, fresh and dry forage yield was measured. Oven dried (75◦C for 72 h) chopped samples were ground to pass through a 1-mm screen. The samples were analyzed according to the standard procedures for chemical composition (The quantities of Na+, K+ and Na+/ K+ ratio, Cl-, NDF and ADF , ash amount, ether extract, crude protein, energy metabolism, phenol and tannin.
 
Results and Discussion
The analysis of variance showed that the effects of salinity and deficit irrigation on ether extract and crude ash were significant and with increasing salinity and drought stress levels decreased, while the quantities of Na+ and crude protein increased. In all saline treatments, by decreasing the water consumption to the treatment of 50 % full irrigation increase in the amount of sodium was observed and after this treatment the amount of this ion was decreased. In addition, to their effects on the quantities of K+ and Na+/ K+ ratio, Cl-, dry matter digestibility percent, energy metabolism, ADF and NDF were not significant. On the other hand, due to many leaves of Kochia, digestibility of its dry matter is similar to alfalfa. Also, increased salinity and drought did not  effect forage quality factors such as tannin and phenol. These results indicate that, under drought stress and salinity, the qualitative characteristics of Kochia forage are completely preserved and not reduced.
 Conclusion
 Study results indicates that forage of Kochia scoparia can be recommended as a suitable forage for arid or semi-arid conditions to provide the nutritional needs of domestic livestock. Therefore, the farmers along the desert areas,  two big deserts in the center of Iran for example, are in extreme need of fodder for their animals, and the introduction of this species would provide an impressive economic benefit.

Keywords

chemical composition; Kochia scoparia; water quality; water quantity

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