Effects of Post Anthesis Water Deficit on Physiological Characteristics of Current and Storage Sources and Production Capacity of Temperate Wheat Cultivars

بوم شناسی کشاورزی

Article 22, Volume 11, Issue 2 - Serial Number 40, June 2019, Pages 723-737   

Document Type: Scientific - Research

DOI: 10.22067/jag.v11i2.68087

Authors

Farahnaz Sayadi¹; Mohsen Saeidi^{* 1}; Saeid Jalali Honarmand¹; Shahryar Sasani²; Mohammad Eghbal Ghobadi¹

¹Department of Production Engineering and Plant Genetics, Agriculture and Natural Resources Campus, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran

²Agricultural and Horticultural Science Research Department, Kermanshah Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Center, Agricultural Research and Education Organization, Kermanshah, Iran

Abstract

Introduction
Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is one of the most important crops in the world, which plays the greatest role in feeding the world's population. The crop yield (such as wheat) is determined by the interaction between genetic and environmental factors. Among environmental factors, water deficit in many agricultural areas is the major obstacles for achieving optimal crop yield including wheat. The carbohydrates that are needed for grain growth are provided from two sources (1) during grain filling via leaves photosynthesis (current source) and (2) excess carbohydrates that are produced after and before anthesis and stored in the stem and then remobilized to the growing grains during grain filling stage (storage source). The decline of photosynthetic activity is the main sign of leaf senescence. It is generally accepted that cultivars that are able to preserve photosynthesis rate of leaves for a longer time, also, have more grain yield. Drought stress that occurs after anthesis can significantly affect on the power of both current and storage sources of wheat. These effect via reduction of grain filling rate and grain filling duration can lead to the reduction of grain size and then grain yield.
 
Materials and Methods
This research was conducted to evaluate the effect of post-anthesis water deficit on physiological characteristics of current and storage sources and also to identify strategies for increasing grain yield of two wheat growth types include 1) spring growth type (Sivand and Sirvan) and facultative growth type (Pishgam and Orum). This research was applied to the research farm of Razi University. The experiment was laid out as split plot based on randomized complete block design (RCBD) in three replications. Water deficit was conduct in two levels (control and water deficit from anthesis till maturity) in main plot and wheat cultivars in subplot. Density was considered 400 plants per square meter. Sowing date was at 21 October 2016. To evaluate the power of current sources, gas exchange of leaves (photosynthesis rate, stomatal conductance, transpiration rate, temperature, CO2 concentration in sub stomatal cavity, fluorescence chlorophyll and stomatal conductance) and also for evaluating the power of storage sources, remobilization of carbohydrates from stem to the growing grains was measured.
 
Results and discussion
With respect to the results, in control and water deficit conditions, Sivand and Orum cultivars with 8435 and 5255 kg.h-1 had the highest and the lowest grain yield respectively. Application of post-anthesis water deficit caused 36, 28, 24 and 26 percent reduction in grain yield of Sivand, Sirvan, Pishgam and Orum cultivars respectively. In control treatment, 7 and 21 days after anthesis, Sivand and Sirvan had the highest photosynthesis rate, transpiration rate, stomatal conductance and maximum efficiency of photosystem II and the lowest leaf temperature. In both times Orum cultivar had the lowest photosynthesis rate and also transpiration rate, stomatal conductance and maximum efficiency of photosystem II and the highest leaf temperature. Water deficit in 7 and 21 days after anthesis significantly increased leaf temperatures and significantly reduced Sub-stomatal CO2, stomatal conductance, transpiration rate and maximum efficiency of photosystem II. Pishgam cultivar had the highest remobilization in two water regimes.  The Relative contribution of stem reserve in grain yield in all evaluated cultivars was less than 30%.
 
Conclusion
The application of post-anthesis water deficit stress through decreasing stomatal conductance and consequently reducing transpiration rate significantly increased leaf temperature and decreased grain yield. Therefore, it seems that considering the ease of measuring leaf temperature in comparison with other physiological traits examined in this study and not destroying the method of measuring it, this trait can be considered as a very suitable indicator for investigation. Then with further study, it is possible to estimate the grain yield loss in wheat cultivars using this indicator in environmental drought stress conditions. Application of post-anthesis water deficit on average caused 30% reduction in grain yield in spring and facultative growth type cultivars. Regarding to the high probability of occurrence of drought stress at the end of the growing season of wheat in the studied area and most of Iran's agricultural areas, therefore, further studies on the recognition of the mechanisms of coping with post-anthesis drought stress conditions and the breeding of wheat cultivars in this regard, are necessary.

Keywords

Chlorophyll fluorescence; Leaf temperature; Photosynthesis rate; Remobilization; Transpiration rate

References

Abdoli, M., and Saeidi, M. 2012. Using different indices for selection of resistant wheat cultivars to post anthesis water deficit in the west of Iran. Annals of Biological Research 3 (3): 1322-1333.

Abdoli, M., and Saeidi, M. 2013. Evaluation of water deficiency at the post anthesis and source limitation during grain filling on grain yield, yield formation, some morphological and phonological traits and gas exchange of bread wheat cultivar. Albanian Journal Agriculture Sciences 12 (2): 255-265.

Akbari, S., Kafi, M., and Rezvan Beidokhti, S. 2017. Effect of drought stress on growth and morphological characteristics of two garlic (Allium sativum L.) ecotypes in different planting densities. Journal of Agroecology 9 (2): 559-574.(In Persian with English Summary)

Ashraf, M. 2009. Biotechnological approach of improving plant salt tolerance using antioxidants as markers. Biotechnology Advances 27: 84-93.

Austin, R.B. 1989. Genetic variation in photosynthesis. The Journal of Agricultural Science 112: 287-293.

Bihmidine, S., Hunter III, C.T., Johns, C.E., Koch, K.E., and Braun, D.M. 2013. Regulation of assimilate import into sink organs: update on molecular drivers of sink strength Front. Plant Science 4:1-15.

Blanco, I.A., Rajaram, S., Kronstad, W.E., and Reynolds, M.O. 2000. Physiological performance of synthetic hexaploid wheat derived populations. Crop Science 40:1257-1263.

Chaves, M.M., Flexas, J., and Pinheiro, C. 2009. Photosynthesis under drought and salt stress: regulation mechanisms from whole plant to cell. Annals of Botany-London 103: 551-560.

CIMMYT (International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center). 2014. Wheat improvement- The mandate of CIMMYT’s global wheat program. [2014-11-12]. http://www.cimmyt.org/ en/what-we-do/wheat-research/item/wheat-improvementthe-mandate-of-cimmyt-s-global-wheat-program.

Cui, Y., Tian, Z., Zhang, X., Muhammad, A., Han, H., Jiang, D., Cao, W., Dai, T. 2015. Effect of water deficit during vegetative growth periods on post-anthesis photosynthetic capacity and grain yield in winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Acta Physiologiae Plantarum 37: 1–10.

Ehdaie, B., Alloush, G.A. and Waines, J.G. 2008. Genotypic variation in linear rate of grain growth and contribution of stem reserve to grain yield in wheat. Field Crops Research 106: 34-43.

Ehdaie, B., Alloush, G.A., Madore, M.A., and Waines, J.G. 2006. Genotypic variation stem reserves and mobilization in wheat I. post anthesis change in internode dry matter. Crop Science 46: 735-746.

Erdem, Y., Shirali, S., Erdem, T., and Kenar, D. 2006. Determination or crop water stres index for irrigation scheduling of Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Journal Agriculture and Forest 30: 195-202.

Eskandari, H., and Kazemi, K. 2010. Response of different bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genotypes to post-anthesis water deficit. Notulae Scientia Biologicae 2: 49–52.

Farooq, M., Hussaine, M., Kadambot H., and Siddiquec, M. 2014. Drought Stress in Wheat during Flowering and Grain-filling Periods. Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences 33 (4): 331-349.

Galle, A., Florez-Sarasa, I., Thameur, A., Paepe, R., de Flexas, J., and Ribas-Carbo, M. 2010. Effects of drought stress and subsequent rewatering on photosynthetic and respiratory pathways in Nicotiana sylvestris wild type and the mitochondrial complex I-deficient CMSII mutant. Journal of Experimental Botany 61: 765–775.

Giunta, F., Motzo, R., and Deidda, M. 1993. Effect of drought on yield and yield components of durum wheat and triticale in a Mediterranean environment. Field Crops Research 33: 399–409.

Heidari, N., Pouryousef, M., and Tavakoli, A. 2015. Effects of drought stress on photosynthesis, its parameters and relative water content of anise (Pimpinella anisum L.). Journal of Plant Researches (Iranian Journal of Biology) 27(5): 829-839. (In Persian with English summary)

Jamal, M., Nasir, M.S., Shah, S.H., and Ahmad, N. 2001. Varietal response of wheat to water stress at different growth stages, 111. Effect on grain yield, harvest index and protein content in grain. Rachis (ICARDA). Barley and wheat Newsletter 15: 38-45.

Jianwu, T., Paul, V.B., Brent, E.E., Ankur, R.D., and Kenneth, J.D. 2006. Sap-flux-upscaled canopy transpiration, stomatal conductance and water use efficiency in an old growth forest the GreatLakes region of the United States. Journal of Geophysical Research-Biogeosciences Vol. 111.

Karmollachaab, A., Siadat, A., Hamdi, H., Monjezi, H., and Kochakzadeh, A. 2017. Effect of Filter Cake on physiological traits and ear yield of sweet corn under late drought stress condition. Journal of Agroecology 9(2): 421- 432. (In Persian with English summary)

Koc, M., Barutcular, C., and Genc, I. 2003. Photosynthesis and productivity of old and modern durum vheats in Mediterranean environment. Crop Science 43: 2089-2098.

Li, Y., Li, H., Li, Y., and Zhang, S. 2016. Improving water-use efficiency by decreasing stomatal conductance and transpiration rate to maintain higher ear photosynthetic rate in drought-resistant wheat. The Crop Journal CJ-00212: No of Pages 7.

Martinez, D.E., Luquez, V.M., Bartoli, C.G., and Guiamet, J.J. 2003. Persistence of photosynthetic components and photochemical efficiency in ears of water-stressed wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Physiologia Plantarum 119: 1–7.

Mohammadi, H., Ahmadi, A., Yang, J., Moradi, F., Wang, Z., Abbasi A., and. Poustini, K. 2013. Effects of nitrogen and ABA application on basal and distal kernel weight of wheat. Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology 15 (5): 889-900.

Moheb, A., Ibrahim, R.K., Roy, R., and Sarhan, F. 2011. Changes in wheat leaf phenolome in response to cold acclimation. Phytochemistry 72: 2294-2307.

Nassiri Mahallati, M., and Koocheki, A. 2017. Trend analysis of nitrogen use and productivity in (Triticum aestivum L.) production systems of Iran. Journal of Agroecology 9 (2): 360-378.

Ni, Z., Liu Z., Huo, H., Li, Z.L., Wang, F.N.Q., and Li, X. 2015. Early Water Stress Detection Using Leaf-Level Measurements of Chlorophyll Fluorescence and Temperature Data. Remote Sensing 7: 3232-3249

Niari-Khamssi, N., Gassemi, K., Zehtab, S., and Najaphy, A. 2010. Effects of water deficit stress on field performance of chickpea cultivars. African Journal Agriculture Research 5: 1973–1977.

Paul, K., Pauk, J., Deak, Z., Sass, L., and Vass, I. 2016. Contrasting response of biomass and grain yield to severe drought in Chappelle Desprez and Plainsman V wheat cultivars Peer J 1-24.

Reynolds, M., Bonnett, D., Chapman, S.C., Furbank, R.T. Manes, Y., Mather D.E., and Parry, M.A.J. 2010. Raising yield potential of wheat. I. Overview of a consortium approach and breeding strategies. Journal of Experimental Botany 1 – 14.

Riaz, R., and Chowdhry, M.A. 2003. Genetic analysis of some economic traits of wheat under drought condition. Australian journal of Plant Science 2 (10): 790-796.

Saradadevi, R., Bramley, H., Siddique, K.H.M., Edwards, E., and Palta, J.A. 2014. Contrasting stomatal regulation and leaf ABA concentrations in wheat genotypes when split root systems were exposed to terminal drought. Field Crops Research 162: 77–86.

Shangguan, Z., Shao, M., and Dyckmans, J. 2000. Effects of nitrogen nuttition and water deficit on net photosynthetic rate chlorophyll florescence in winter wheat. Plant Physiology 156: 45-51.

Slafer, G.A., Savin, R., and Sadra, V.O. 2014. Coarse and fine regulation of wheat yield components in response to genotype and environment. Field Crops Research 157: 71–83.

Tatar, O., Bruck, H., and Asch, F. 2015. Photosynthesis and remobilization of dry matter in wheat as affected by progressive drought stress at stem elongation stage. Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science 202 (4): 292-299.

Wanjura, D.F., Mass, S.J., Winslow, J.C., and Upchurch, D.R. 2004. Scanned and spotmeasured canopy temperatures of cotton and corn. Computers and Electronics in Agriculture 44: 33-48.

Xue, Q., Zhu, Z., Musick, J.T., Stewart, B.A., and Dusek, D.A. 2006. Physiological mechanisms contributing to the increased water-use efficiency in winter wheat under deficit irrigation. Journal of Plant Physiology 163: 154-164.

Yang, J., and Zang, J. 2006. Grain filling of cereals under soil drying. New Physiologist 169: 223–236.

Yang. R.C., Jana, S., and Clarke, J.M. 1991. Phenotypic diversity and association 0f some potentially droughtresponsive characters in durum wheat. Crop Science 31: 1484-1491.

Yooyongwech, S., Chaum S., and Supaibulwatana, K. 2012. Proline related genes expression and physiological changes in indica rice response to water-deficit stress. Plant Omics Journal 5 (6): 597-603.

Zhou, Y., He, Z.H., Sui, X.X., Xia, C., Zhang, X.K., and Zhang, G.S. 2007. Genetic improvement of grain yield and associated traits in the Northern China winter wheat region from 1960 to 2000. Crop Science 47: 245-253.