Effect of Rotational Irrigation on Physiological Growth Indexes and Water Use of Four Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Cultivars in Gilan Province

بوم شناسی کشاورزی

Article 3, Volume 12, Issue 4 - Serial Number 46, December 2021, Pages 595-612   

Document Type: Scientific - Research

DOI: 10.22067/agry.2020.37569

Authors

Horam Asghari Lalami¹; Seyed Alireza Valadabadi^{* 2}; Mohammad Reza Yazdani³; Hamid Reza Zakerin¹; Mehrzad Allah Gholipor⁴

¹Islamic Azad University, Takestan Branch, Iran,

²Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Islami Azad University, Takestan Branch

³Rice Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization, Rasht, Iran, Respectively

⁴Rice Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization, Rasht, Iran,

Abstract

Introduction
Rice (Oryza sativa L.) as the second most important crop globally and provides 80% calorie and 5% protein requirement of people is Southeast Asia. After wheat, the rice is main food of the Iranian people. This plant is cultivated in 15 provinces of the country on an area of about 600,000 hectares. Up to 1961 rice production in Iran was able to answer the internal rice requirement but at present due to population increase and economic enhancement compared to previous decades, production is less than requirement amount so there are so much importing rice the moment. Water is most limiting factor for rice production in Iran. Among other crops, rice with consumption of 80% of Southeast Asia use the highest share of water. About 70% of share of 25% global regular water is consumed by agriculture and 25-30% of has been in use for rice production. Rice is a large water consumer and its yield quite depends on climate and thus deficit water as a consequence of it. The main tendency of the Iranian people is, to consume quality rice cultivars such as Hashemi, Sadri, Ali Kazemi, Sadri Domsiah. They have a long slender grain and a head rice recovery (HRR) of 60 to 63 percent, an intermediate amylose content (AC), aroma and elongation qualities. However water is the main limitation of rice cultivation in Iran and management of water supply, distribution and consumption along with proper yield, has a major role in the continuation of rice production in Iran. So selection of cultivars compatible with intermittent irrigation management and at the same time, relatively good quality and higher yield, increases Physical productivity of water and farmers incomes. 
Materials and Methods
This experiment was conducted as split-plot based on complete block design with three replications in Rice Research Center in 2014 and 2015. The employed treatments consisted of five irrigation levels (permanent flood, and rotational by 5, 8, 10 and every 15 days) and four cultivars (Khazar, Gilane, Hashemi, and 8431) as main and sub-factors, respectively. After transplanting, for the first 15 days no irrigation was applied till fully established of plants. At raining situations, water level was determined before rainfall to prevent more water than was already determined as treatment. Main ground was two times ploughed.  Transplanting was done on 15 April using transplants with 20-25 cm length and have 4 to 5 leaves. Before transferring the transplants, the transplanted ground was irrigated for easier pull out of transplants and no damage imposed to roots. Trains including leaf and stem dry weight, leaf area index (LAI), crop growth rate (CGR), net assimilation rate (NAR), leaf area ratio (LAR), relative growth rate (RGR) and specific leaf area (SLA) were measured at booting stage.
Results and Discussion
Study results showed that the interaction of irrigation and cultivar was significant (p < /em>≤0.01) for leaf and stem dry weight, LDW, TDW, and NAR.  In addition, LAI, LWR were also significant (p < /em>≤0.01) for irrigation treatment. Daily irrigation resulted in highest yield and at no stress condition (daily irrigation) the cultivar 8431 and Hashemi showed the highest and lowest growth respectively. Under 5 and 8 days interval irrigation the cultivar 8431 showed that highest tolerance to water stress while Hashemi was the weakest ne. Under intensive stress (irrigation levels of 10 and 15 days) Khazar showed the highest tolerance but Gilane showed the least tolerance. Therefore, knowledge of various cultivars response is quite vital for any management to achieve the highest yield at water-limited conditions.
Conclusion
This study showed that permanent flood water is the ideal condition for rice to produce the highest yield. As time interval of irrigation increased rice plants yield decreased. Under optimum condition, Hashemi showed the poorest cultivar while 8431 cultivar showed superior across all cultivars. Similar results obtained at irrigation intervals of 5 and 8 days.

Keywords

Food security; Sustainable yield; Water limitation

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