The Effects of Irrigation Levels and Soil Fertilizers on Yield Components and Quantitative and Quality Yield of Balangu (Lallemantia royleana Benth.) under Torbat-e Jam Climatic Conditions

بوم شناسی کشاورزی

Article 10, Volume 13, Issue 2 - Serial Number 48, June 2021, Pages 345-361   

Document Type: Scientific - Research

DOI: 10.22067/jag.v13i2.86263

Authors

Hoda Jahangiri¹; Abdollah Mollafilabi^{* 2}; Hashem Hosseini³

¹Department of Horticulture Science, Torbat-e Jam Branch, Islamic Azad University, Torbat-e Jam, Iran.

²Department of Food Biotechnology, Research Institute of Food Science and Industry, Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran.

³Department of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Torbat-e Jam Branch, Islamic Azad University, Torbat-e Jam, Iran.

Abstract

Introduction
Balangu (Lallemantia royleana Benth.) is one of the medicinal plants of Lamiaceae family that contains essential oils as well as mucilage. The most important feature of this plant is the mucilage of the seeds which widely used in industrial sectors. On the other hand the seeds are a good source of fiber, oil, and protein and have medicinal and nutritional properties. Medicinal plants are rich in secondary metabolites and are potentially useful to produce natural materials. The biosynthesis of the secondary metabolites, although controlled genetically is affected strongly by environmental and agronomic factors. This plant can be grown under a wide range of agro-climatic conditions, but it is mostly confined to the arid areas due its low water requirement and high water use efficiency. It has been used as medicine since ancient times, but it has been cultivated as a medicinal plant only in recent years. The application of soil organic fertilizers is important for sustainable agriculture, healthy agricultural production of medicinal plants especially in arid and semi-arid regions and resorting soil quality. In this study the effects of irrigation regimes and soil fertilizers on qualitative and quality characteristics of balangu as a medicinal plant were evaluated.
Materials and Methods
The experiment was done as split plot based on a randomized complete block design with three replications at the Agricultural Research Station, University of Torbat-E-jam, Khorasan-e Razavi, Iran during 2019 growing season. Main factor was four irrigation levels (including 35 (as control), 53, 71, and 89 mm evaporation) and sub factor was four fertilizer types (such as cow manure, municipal solid waste compost and mushroom compost and control). Organic fertilizers were applied equal to 10 t.ha^-1.The fertilizers were applied before sowing time. Studied traits were quantitative traits (such as plant height, root length, biological yield, seed numbers per plant, 1000-seed weight, seed yield and harvest index), and quality criteria (including mucilage percentage, swelling factor and mucilage yield). General linear model ANOVA was used for soil fertilizers and irrigation regimes on quality and quantity criteria of balangu. Duncan’s test at p≤0.05 tested the significance of differences among means.
Results and Discussion
The results revealed that the irrigation regimes and different fertilizers had significant effects on the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of balangu as a medicinal plant. Compared with irrigation regimes, the highest and lowest values for seed yield were observed in 35 and 89 mm evaporation, respectively. The maximum and minimum values of seed yield were recorded for cow manure and control, respectively. Higher seed yield in cow manure+35 mm evaporation is due to number of seeds and 1000-seed weight. Also, the maximum mucilage content as an important factor was related to cow manure+35mm evaporation and the minimum was for 89mm evaporation+ control.
Conclusion
Results of this study indicated that cow manure as organic fertilizer could improve plant height, biological yield, seed yield, 1000-seed weight, seed No. per plant, harvest index, and quality criteria such as mucilage content, swelling factor and mucilage yield of balangu. The importance of cow manure is being realized and its long term adverse effects on soil chemical properties. Besides supplying micronutrients and micronutrients, organic fertilizers also improve the physical and chemical properties of soil. They are also useful in improving the efficiency of fertilizer recovery thereby resulting in higher plant yield. So, to prevent the environmental impact from extensive application of chemical fertilizers, the biological fertilizers could be recommended to insure the society health and a sustainable agriculture. Therefore, 35 mm evaporation and cow manure application is recommended for balangu cultivation under Torbat-e-Jam climatic conditions. Future studies should be conducted to evaluate the influences of different organic fertilizers and irrigation regimes for various climatic conditions.
 

Keywords

Cow manure; Mucilage content; Sustainable agriculture; Swelling factor

References

Ahmadi, K., and Omidi, H., 2018. The effect of drought stress on physiological traits, peroxidase activity and grain yield of five populations of Lallemantia royleana Benth. Iranian Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants 24(30): 412-429. (In Persian with English Summary)

Amanzadeh, A., Khosravi Dhqy, N., Gohari, A.R., Esfahani, H.R., and Saadat Ebrahimi, E., 2010. Antioxidant effect of the essential oils (Lallemantia iberica) in the flowering stage and flowering stage after investigation. Life Science 6(3): 114-117.

Arsovski, A.A., Villota, M.M., Rowland, O., Subramaniam, R., and Western, T.L., 2009. Mum enhancers are important for seed coat mucilage production and mucilage secretory cell differentiation in Arabidopsis thaliana. Journal of Experimental Botany 60: 2601-2612.

Baghalian, K., 2008. Effect of soil and weather condition on quality and quantity of mucilage. M.Sc. dissertation, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tehran, Iran. (In Persian with English Summary)

Barroso, M.R., Arrobas, M., Rodrigues, M.Â., and Sousa, M.J. 2014. Effect of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and boron fertilizers on essential oils yield in lemon verbena (Aloysia triphylla). Planta Medica 80-P₂F₁.

Bhagat, N.R., 1980. Studies on variation and association among seed yield and some component traits in Plantago ovata Forsk. Journal of Crop Improvement 7: 60-63.

Chatterjee, S.K., 2002. Cultivation of medicinal and aromatic plants in India-A commercial approach. Acta Horticulturae 576: 191-202.

Contour-Ansel, D., Torres-Franklin, M.L., Carvalho, M.H.C., and Zully-Fodil, Y., 2006. Glutathione reductase in leaves of cowpea: cloning of two cDNAs, expression and enzymatic under progressive drought stress, desiccation and abscises acid treatment. Annals of Botany 98: 1279–1287.

De Araújo, A.S.F., De Melo, W.J., and Singh, R.P., 2010. Municipal solid waste compost amendment in agricultural soil: changes in soil microbial biomass. Reviews in Environmental Science and Biotechnology 9: 41-49.

Dehghani Tafti, A.R., Alahdadi, I., Najafi, F., and Kianmehr, M.H., 2014. Studying the effects of different rates of pelleted animal manure and urea levels and some micronutrients on yield and yield components of medicinal pumpkin (Cucurbita pepo var styriaca). Journal of Horticultural Science 28(1): 62-70. (In Persian with English Summary)

Esmaielpour, B., Jalilvand, P., and Hadian, J., 2013. Effects of drought stress and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on some morphophysiological traits and yield of savory (Satureja hortensis L.). Journal of Agroecology 5(2): 169-177. (In Persian with English Summary)

Farooqi, A.H.A., Fatima, S., Ansari, S.R., and Sharma, S., 1999. Effect of water stress on growth and essential oil metabolism in Cymbopogon martini (Plamerosa) cultivars. Journal of Essential Oil Research 11: 491-496.

Flexas, J., Barón, M, Bota, J., Ducruet, J.M., Gallé, A., Lakshmanna, G.M.A., and Panneerselvam, R., 2007. Growth biochemical modification and proline metabolism in Helianthus annuls L. as induced by drought stress. Colloids and Surfaced B. Bio Interfaces 59: 141-149.

Gangwar, K.S., Singh, K.K., Sharma, S.K., and Tomar, O.K., 2006. Alternative tillage and crop residue management in wheat after rice in sandy loam soils of Indo-Gangetic plains. Soil and Tillage Research 88: 242-252.

Ganjeali, A., and Bagheri, A., 2011. Evaluation of morphological characteristics of root chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) in response to drought stress. Iranian Journal of Pulses Research 1(2): 101-110. (In Persian with English Summary)

Haghghi, R., and Nourafcan, H., 2014. The effect of vermicompost and biological phosphate on morphological characteristics and rosmarinic acid of Iranian borage (Echium amoenum Fisch. & C.A. Mey.). Advances in Environmental Biology 8(25): 704-708.

Kafi, M., and Mahdavi-e-Damghani, A. 2000. Mechanisms of Plants to Environmental Stresses. Ferdowsi University Publication. Mashhad, Iran. 449 pp. (In Persian)

Khaosaad, T., Vierheilig, H., Nell, M., Zitterl-Eglseer, K., and Novak, J., 2006. Arbuscular mycorrhiza alter the concentration of essential oils in oregano (Origanum sp.). Mycorrhiza 16: 443-446.

Kivimaenpae, M., Sutinin, S., Karlsson, P.E., and Sellde, G., 2003. Cell structural changes in the needles of Norway spruce exposed to long-term ozone and drought. Annals of Botany 92: 779-793.

Lakhdar, A., Scelza, R., Achiba, W.B., Scotti, R., Rao, M.A., Jedidi, N., Abdelly, C., and Gianfreda, L., 2011. Effect of municipal solid waste compost and sewage sludge on enzymatic activities and wheat yield in a clayey-loamy soil. Soil Science 176: 15-21.

Mafakheri, S., Asghari, B., and Shaltooki, M., 2016. Effects of biological, chemical and nano-fertilizers on quantitative and qualitative characteristics of Lallemantia iberica (M.B.) Fischer & Meyer. Iranian Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants 32(4): 667-677. (In Persian with English Summary)

Maleki Farahani, S., and Abdollahi, M., 2014. Effect of deficit irrigation on yield and yield components of two different species of balangu (Lallemantia royleana & iberica) from Mashhad and Urmia. Iranian Journal of Field Crops Research 12(3): 502-512. (In Persian with English Summary)

Malik, K., Arora, G., Singh, I., and Arora, S., 2011. Lallemantia reylenne seeds as superdisintegrant: Formulation and evaluation of Nimesulide orodispersible tablets. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation 1: 192-198.

Michele, A., Douglas, T., and Frank, A., 2009. The effects of clipping and soil moisture on leaf and root morphology and root respiration in two temperate and two tropical grasses. Plant Ecology 200: 205-215.

Mir-Hosseni-Dehabadi, S.R., 1994. The effect of water relation carbon isotope discrimination and shoot and root growth of sainfoin (Onobrychis visifolia Scope.) and Lucerne (Medicago sativa L.). New Zealand University, Massey. Ph.D. Dissertation, 364 pp.

Mkhabela, M.S., and Warman, P.R., 2005. The influence of municipal solid waste compost on yield, soil phosphorus Availability and uptake by two vegetable crops grown in a Pugwash sandy loam soil in Nova Scotia. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 106: 57-67.

Mohebbi, M., and Maleki, A., 2010. Effect of water stress on some seed characteristics of Isabgol (Plantago ovata Forsk.) in Zanjan (IRAN). Advances in Environmental Biology 12(3): 10-14.

Naghibi, F., Mosaddegh, M., Motamed, S.M., and Ghorbani, A., 2005. Labiatae family in folk medicine in Iran: from ethno botany to pharmacology. Iranian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research 2: 63-79. (In Persian with English Summary)

Najafian, N., and Mardomi, S., 2012. The effects of waterlogging, sewage sludge and manure on the growth characteristics of sunflower in a sandy loam soil. Journal of Water and Soil 25(6): 1264-1276. (In Persian with English Summary)

Nouri, M., Asadi, P., Dehghan Rahimabadi, A., and Golchin, A., 2014.The effect of drought stress and nitrogen fertilizer levels on growth and essential oil of savory (Satureja hortensis L.). Bulletin of Environment, Pharmacology and Life Sciences 3(10): 71-77.

Osunkoya, O.O., Ash, J.E., Hopkins, M.S., and Graham, A.W., 1994. Influence of seed size and seedling ecological attributes on shade-tolerance of rain-forest tree species in northern Queensland. Ecological Journal 82:149-163.

Patra, D., Anwar, M., Saudan, S., Prasad, A., and Singh, D.V., 1999. Aromatic and medicinal plants for salt and 9moisture stress conditions. Proceeding of a Symposium Held in Indian. p. 347-350.

Peigne, J., and Girardin, P., 2004. Environmental impacts of farm-scale composting practices. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution 153: 45-68.

Pirjalili, F., and Omidi, H., 2017. Effects of drought stress on grain yield and qualitative characteristics of three populations of Lallemantia royleana Benth. Iranian Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants 33(1): 25-38. (In Persian with English Summary)

Prinsloo, G., Viljoen, J., Mofokeng, M., and Ntuli, M., 2008. Cultivation of medicinal plants: Determining the effect of organic fertilizer on the chemical composition of the plants. South African Journal of Botany 74: 375.

Rasti, S., 2012. The effect of planting date and drought on quality and quantity characteristics Balangu Shirazi (Lallemantia royleana (wall) Benth.). M.Sc. Thesis of Agriculture Faculty of Agriculture, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran. (In Persian with English Summary)

Razavi, S.M.A., and Karazhiyan, H., 2009. Flow properties and thixotropy of selected hydrocolloids: experimental and modeling studies. Food Hydrocolloids 23: 908-912.

Roohi Nogh, A., Koocheki, A., Ghorbani, R., Rezvani Moghaddam, P., and Bakhshaei, S., 2017. Effect of organic fertilizers and plant density on qualitative characteristics of Balangu (Lallenamantia royleana Benth.). Agroecology 9(2): 314-325. (In Persian with English Summary)

Roohi, A., 2011. Effect of organic fertilizers and plant density on quantitative and qualitative characteristics of balangu (Lallenamantia royleana Benth.). M.Sc. Thesis in Agroecology, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran. (In Persian with English Summary)

Shaban, M., Mansourifar, S., Ghobadi, M., and Ashrafi Parchin, R., 2012. Effect of drought stress and starter nitrogen fertilizer on root characteristics and seed yield of four chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) genotypes. Seed and Plant Production 27(4): 451-470. (In Persian with English Summary)

Shamim, A.H., and Ahmed, F., 2010. Response to sulfur and organic matter status by the application of sulfidic materials in S deficient soils in Bangladesh: possibilities and opportunities. Report and Opinion 2(1): 88-93.

Sharma, P.K., and Koul, A.K., 1986. Musilage in seed of Plantago ovata and its wild allies. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 17: 289-295.

Shubhra, K., Dayal, J., Goswami, C.L., and Munjal, R., 2004. Effect of water-deficit on oil of calendula aerial parts. Biologia Plantarum 48(3): 445-448.

Smith, G.R., Gowda, M.C., Sreeramu, B.S., Umesha, K., and Gowda, A.P.M., 2010. Influence of integrated nutrient management on growth, yield and quality of Makoi. Indian Journal of Horticulture 67: 395-398.

Tabrizi, L., 2004. The effect of water stress and manure on yield, yield components and quality characteristics of Plantago psyllium and Plantago ovata. M.Sc. Thesis. Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran. (In Persian with English Summary)

Yang, X., Dong, M., and Huang, Z., 2010. Role of mucilage in the germination of Artemisia sphaerocephala (Asteraceae) achenes exposed to osmotic stress and salinity. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry 48: 131–135.