Calculation of the Base Temperature and Investigation of Changes in Number of Codling Moth (Cydia pomonella) Generations, with Degree-Day Model in Chenaran

پژوهش های حفاظت گیاهان ایران

Article 6, Volume 34, Issue 2 - Serial Number 48, June 2020, Pages 207-217   

Document Type: Research Article

DOI: 10.22067/jpp.v34i2.84704

Authors

M. HelmiJadid¹; M. Musavi Baygi^{* 2}; H. Sadeghi Namaghi²

¹Ph.D. Candidate Department of Water Science and Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, respectively.

²Ferdowsi University of Mashhad

Abstract

Introduction: Codling moth (Cydia pomonella) is one of the most important agricultural pests which annually damages apples, pears, and walnuts orchards. Like other pests, coldling moth development depends to the air temperature. Climate changes have many impacts on the environment and pests are affected by these changes, too. Codling moth has two generations in cold regions and 4 to 5 generations in warm regions per year. The number of this pest generations and the damages which it caused in the orchards depends on the amount of received cumulative temperature during a growing season. Increasing the average daily temperature will increase the cumulative degree-day and subsequently, this can increase the number of pest generations annually. The increase in the number of pests as a result of global warming can damage the environment and food security significantly. One of the effects of climate changes on the pest can be identified with an overview of the codling moth generation and its changes over the past years.
Materials and Methods: Maximum and minimum temperature data of Golmakan synoptic station (Khorasan Razavi) were used to calculate the number of codling moth generations (1989-2018). Average daily temperature was calculated using maximum and minimum temperatures. To estimate the degree-day, the base temperature was obtained by the growth rate method at different temperatures. In this method, the growth rate of one stage of pest life (egg laying to egg hatching) was recorded at different temperatures and the temperature in which the growth rate becomes zero was considered as the base temperature. Then, degree-day was calculated by subtracting the base-day temperature from daily mean temperature and cumulative degree-day for each year was obtained by summing degree-days biofix to harvest. The biofix date in 2019 was obtained by the pheromone traps and the first male trapped in the pear orchard near Golmakan station. Pest activity initiates at temperatures higher than the base temperature, so the biofix date for each year (1989–2018) was selected based on the mean daily temperature that reached the base temperature and then increased. Biofix in the pear orchard also occurred under these circumstances. Trend of cumulative degree-day was analyzed by Mann-Kendall nonparametric test in the statistical period 1989-2018 to examine cumulative degree-day changes. Pheromone trap data in pear orchards in 2019 and previous studies show that codling moth need about 650˚C degrees-day temperature to complete each generation. Consequently, the number of pest generations for each year was calculated by dividing the cumulative degree-day by 650 DD. The number of male trapped in pheromone traps from biofix to harvest and flight peaks shows the number of the codling moth generations in the area of observation. Finally, the number of codling moth generations in 2019 were compared to the number of generations of this pest in the statistical period 1989–2018.
Results and Discussion: The average annual temperature in Golmakan station varied from 13.9˚C to 16.7˚C from 1989 to 2018. Considering the codling moth growth rate from laying to hatching at 8, 10, 12, 14 16, 18˚C, base temperature in which the growth rate was zero, was obtained 8.4° C. The cumulative degree-day for codling moth from biofix to harvest in the statistical period 1989–2018 was between 1780˚C in 1992 and 2456˚C in 2008. Recorded air temperature data by data logger in pear orchard showed that the pest received 2251˚C degree-day in 2019. The results of Mann-Kendall test showed an increasing and significant trend for cumulative degree-day. After calculating the cumulative degree-day, it was determined that the codling moth had three generations in the past 30 years except one year. The mean cumulative degree-day was 2067˚C in 1989-1998, 2215˚C in 1999-2008, and 2300˚C in 2009-2018. This shows that the average cumulative degree-day increased by 143˚C in the first ten years and 85˚C in the second ten years. According to the results of this study, at the beginning of the statistical period, pest's life cycle stops at the beginning of the third generation and it enters the pupal and overwintering stage. Toward the end of the statistical period, pest life cycle is going to complete and reach to the fourth generation. In 2019, pheromone traps registered 3 pike flights for codling moth in the pear orchard near the Golmakan station. Thus, in 2019, there were three generations of this pest in the area of observation. If these conditions continue, the fourth generation may be presented in the area of observation in next years.
Conclusion: The results of this study showed that increasing the mean of daily temperature increases the cumulative degree-day and if the temperature continues to rise, the occurrence of fourth generation will not be unexpected in the coming years. Damage to apple, pear, and walnut orchards increases by increasing number of codling moth. Therefore it will be more difficult to control this pest. Under these conditions, using pesticides will increase in agriculture and there will be environmental problems. According to the results of this study in order to manage codling moth, it is necessary to determine the exact number of generations and the appropriate time of spraying due to the time of egg hatching in each region.

Keywords

Climate change; Base temperature; Degree day; Codling Moth

References

1- Alston D., Marion M., and Reding M. 2010. Codling moth (Cydia pomanella). Published by Utah state University Extension and Utah Plant Pest Diagnostic Laboratory. Available at http://extension.usu.edu/ files/publications/factsheet/codling-moths 06.pdf .

2- Amiri R., Shojaaddini M., Motazedian N., and Zibayee K. 2014. Degree-day and pheromone traps in control timing of codling moth, Cydia pomonella L. Journal of Agricultural Pests Management 1: 34-40. (In Persian with English abstract)

3- Arnold C.Y. 1959. The development and significance of the base temperature in a linear heat unit system. Proceedings of the American Society for Horticultural Science 74: 430-445.

4- Asadi GH., Alichi M., Zibayee K., and Mosalaie K. 2001. Use Degree-Days to determined time for chemical control for Cydia pomonella in Sepidan. Journal of Agriculture Sciences and Natural Resources, 98 p. (In Persian with English abstract)

5- Asadi GH., Gholami M.R., and Lakzyan A. 2009. Study of seasonal population of Cydia pomonella and best time for chemical control in Shiravan. Journal of Agriculture Sciences and Natural Resources 3: 71-78. (In Persian with English abstract)

6- Charmillot P.J., Pasquier D., and Briand D. 2005. Resistance du carpocapse Cydia pomonella aux insecticides. REV. Suisse viticulture Arboricuture Horticulture 37: 123-127.

7- Daneshnia N., Alichi M., and Heidari B. 2012. Determining the appropriate spray time for Cydia pomonella (Lep: Totricidae) in apple orchards using sex pheromone and degree day in Khanehzenyan, Fars 4: 37-44. (In Persian with English abstract).

8- Delisle J. 1992. Monitoring the seasonal male flight activity of Choristoneura rosaceana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in eastern Canada using virgin females and several different pheromone blends. Environmental Entomology 21(5): 1007-1012.

9- Durant J.A., Manley D.G., and Carde R.T. 1986. Monitoring of the European corn borer (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) in South Carolina using pheromone traps. Journal of Economic Entomology 79(6): 1539-1543.

10- Edelson J.V. 1989. Development of onion thrips, Thrips tabaci Lindeman, as a function of temperature. Southwest. Entomologist 13: 171-176.

11- Gilbert N., and Raworth D.A. 1996. Insects and temperature—a general theory. The Canadian Entomologist 128(1): 1-13.

12- Harrington R., Fleming R.A., and Woiwod I.P. 2001. Climate change impacts on insect management and conservation in temperate regions: can they be predicted?. Agricultural and Forest Entomology 3(4): 233-240.

13- IPCC (2007a) IPCC Fourth Assessment Report: Climate Change 2007 (AR4). Working Group I Report. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA.

14- IPCC (2007b) IPCC Fourth Assessment Report: Climate Change 2007 Synthesis Report, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, pp. 52.

15- Jonsson A.M., Appelberg G., Harding S., and Bärring L. 2009. Spatio‐temporal impact of climate change on the activity and voltinism of the spruce bark beetle, Ips typographus. Global Change Biology 15(2): 486-499.

16- Juszczak R., Panfil M., and Lesny J. 2010. Changes of cumulative degree-days as an indicator of climate changes in the Masuria Region. In: Leśny J (ed) Agrometeorology research. Acta Agrophysica 185: 141–153.

17- Juszczak R., Kuchar L., Leśny J., and Olejnik, J. 2013. Climate change impact on development rates of the codling moth (Cydia pomonella L) in the Wielkopolska region, Poland. International Journal of Biometeorology 57(1): 31-44.

18- Knodel J.J., and Agnello A.M. 1990. Field comparison of nonsticky and sticky pheromone traps for monitoring fruit pests in western New York. Journal of Economic Entomology, 83(1): 197-204.

19- Lange H., Okland B., and Krokene P. 2006. Thresholds in the life cycle of the spruce bark beetle under climate change. International Journal for Complex Systems 1648:1-10.

20- Logan D.J., Wolesensky W., and Joern A. 2006 Temperature-dependent phenology and predation in arthropod systems. Ecological modelling 196(3-4): 471-482.

21- Mondani F., Nassiri M.M., and Koochaki A. Modeling of Sunn Pest (Eurygaster integriceps Put.) Damage on Winter Wheat (Triticum aestivum) Growth and Yield under Climate Change Condition. Plant Production Technology 14(2):61-75.

22- Ohlendorf B. 1998. UC IPM pest management guidelines. UC IPM pest management guidelines. Available at http://ipm.ucanr.edu/PMG/r4300111.html.

23- Olfert O., and Weiss R.M. 2006. Impact of climate change on potential distributions and relative abundances of Oulema melanopus, Meligethes viridescens and Ceutorhynchus obstrictus in Canada. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 113(1-4): 295-301.

24- Pitcarin M.J., Zalon F.G., and Rice R. 1992. Degree-day forecasting of generation of Cydia pomonella population in California. Environmental Entomology 21: 441–446.

25- Rajabi G.R. 1985. Insects Attacking of Rosaceous Fruit Trees in Iran. Iranian Research Institute of Pest and Disease of Plant, Tehran. 209 p. (In Persian)

26- Rajabi G.R., Malmir A., and Naderian H. 2006. Comparative study of number of generation, flight span and population density of Codling moth in walnut and apple orchards in various altitudes of Iran. Journal of Pest and Disease of Plants 2: 1-12. (In Persian)

27- Reyes M., Franck P., Charmillot P.J., Ioriatti C., Olivares J., Pasqualini E., and Sauphanor B. 2007. Diversity of insecticide resistance mechanisms and spectrum in European populations of codling moth, Cydia pomonella. Pest Management Science 63: 890-902.

28- Roberts W.P., and Higley C.E.A. 1986. Pest management program for apple series: codling moth. Journal of Ontario Ministry of Agriculture and Food of Canada 8: 1-9.

29- Rosenzweig C., Iglesias A., Yang X.B., Epstein P.R., and Chivian E. 2001. Climate change and extreme weather events; implications for food production, plant diseases, and pests. Global Change and Human Health 2(2): 90-104.

30- Samietz J., Stoeckli S., Hirschi M., Spirig C., Hohn H., Calanca P., and Rotach M. 2011. Modelling the impact of climate change on sustainable management of the codling moth (Cydia pomonella) as key pest in apple. 1068 pp. 35-42. In 9th International Symposium on Modelling in Fruit Research and Orchard Management. 19 June 2011.

31- Stara J., and Kocourek F. 2007. Insecticidal resistance and cross-resistance in populations of Cydia pomonella (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in central Europe. Journal of Economic Entomology 100(5): 1587-595.

32- Sutherst R.W. 2000. Climate change and invasive species: a conceptual framework. Invasive species in a changing world: 211-240.

33- Taylor R.A.J., Herms D.A., Cardina J., and Moore R.H. 2018. Climate change and pest management: unanticipated consequences of trophic dislocation. Agronomy 8(1):7.

34- Vincent C., Mailloux M., Hagley E.A.C., Reissig W.H., Coli W.M., and Hosmer T.A. 1990. Monitoring the codling moth (Lepidoptera: Olethreutidae) and the obliquebanded leafroller (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) with sticky and nonsticky traps. Journal of Economic Entomology 83(2): 434-440.