Effect of Drought Stress and Application of Zinc Oxide on Hormonal Changes and Growth Status of Wheat Bread

پژوهشهای زراعی ایران

Article 3, Volume 16, Issue 3 - Serial Number 51, October 2018, Pages 569-582   

Document Type: Research Article

DOI: 10.22067/gsc.v16i3.67795

Authors

A Abbasi^{* 1}; F Shekari¹; R Lotfi²

¹Maragheh University

²Dryland Agricultural Research Institute (DARI)

Abstract

Introduction Drought stress and Zn deficiency are important factors affecting the quantity and quality of wheat. Zn deficiency reduces photosynthesis and disorders protein synthesis that the consequence of such process is the gathering of amino acids and amides, and disordering of carbohydrates metabolism. Besides, in such a condition, the length of plants and the size of leaves reduce due to changes in Auxin metabolism, especially Indole Acetic Acid (IAA). Drought stress reduces leaf size, cell division, plant growth, amount of photosynthesis, protein synthesis and chlorophyll content. Balance of plant hormones is affected by both of these factors. Among the compounds with zinc element, Zinc oxide is known from the US Food and Drug Administration as one of the safest and most integral components of Zinc. Nanoparticles have attracted much attention for their distinct characteristics that are unavailable in conventional macroscopic materials. Obviously, increasing of zinc availability and reducing of drought effects can play an effective role in improving the present situation.
Materials and Methods The present study was carried out using split plot experiment based on a randomized complete block design with three replications. Two factors of drought stress (irrigation at 90% of field capacity as non-stress condition, irrigation in 75% of field capacity as medium stress and irrigation in 50% of field capacity as severe stress) and application of zinc element (without treatment, spraying of 5 and 10 ppm of Nano Zinc Oxide and Zinc Oxide) were examined as factors of this study. In this study, parameters of Indole acetic acid, Abscisic acid, Gibberellic acid, Tryptophan, Amount of Zinc, Chlorophyll index, Protein, Total dry matter, Phytic acid, Proline, and Yield were measured.
Results and Discussion Results of variance analysis of field data revealed that zinc element application in stress conditions could improve a number of parameters of this study. The interactions between drought and zinc on indole acetic acid, abscisic acid, gibberellin, zinc element values, chlorophyll index, protein, phytic acid at one percent probability level and total dry matter content at five percent probability level were significant. Application of nano-zinc oxide in 75% and 50% of field capacity, as well as non-application of Zinc in these conditions caused optimal changes in plant hormones, chlorophyll, protein, economic performance and proline. Application of zinc oxide increased 13.4 and 17.43 percent in the amount of indole acetic acid and gibberellin, while the use of zinc oxide reduced the acidity of 51.9 percent of abscisic acid under 90% field capacity. Zn content increased in seed from 1.13 to 1.83 mg kg and reduction of phytic acid from 19.2 to 16.6 percent under severe drought stress. Application of 10 ppm nano-zinc oxide showed a decrease in the negative effects of drought stress and improved quality of wheat.
Conclusions As a general conclusion, it can be acknowledged that drought stress with effect on plant hormones, decreased the growth of shoot which causes reduced plant dry matter and plant yields. The use of zinc could increase the proline production and prevented chlorophyll degradation that causes reduced the effects of water stress and improved plant growth conditions. As a final result, these changes in Zinc application conditions could improve dry matter yield and economic yield.

Keywords

Auxin; Cytokinin; Phytic acid; Tryptophan; yield

References

1. Abbasi, A., and Enayati. 2013. Decrease of cell defense mechanisms efficiency and oxidative stress accruing in lake of Mg condition. Iranian Journal of Dryland Agriculture 1 (4): 41-52. (in Persian).

2. Abbasi, A., and Shekari, F. 2016. Effect of zinc sulfate on growth and yield of wheat under soil zinc deficiency and drought stress. Cereal Research 6 (2): 145-158. (in Persian).

3. Abbasi, A., Shekari, F., Mosavi, S. B., Sabaghnia, N., and Javanmard, A. 2017. Effect of zinc sulfate in the quantity and quality of wheat grain under soil zinc deficiency and drought stress. Cereal Research 7 (1): 1-18. (in Persian).

4. Abbasi, A., Shekari, F., Mosavi, S. B., Sabaghnia, N., and Javanmard, A. 2016. The Partitioning Trend of Resources and Alpha-Amylase Enzyme Activity with Zinc Priming in Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Seed. Iranian Journal of Seed Research 3 (2): 1-13. (in Persian).

5. Abbasi, A., Shekari, F., Mousavi, S. B., and Sabaghnia, N., 2016. Assessment of the Effect of Zinc Sulfate Biofortification on the Quantity and Quality Characteristics of Spring Wheat Cultivars. Advances in Bioresearch 7 (1):18-25.

6. Abbasi, A., Shekari, F., Mousavi, S. B., and Sabaghnia, N. 2015. Promoting the Use of Wheat Enriched Seeds, Stable Way to Solve Zinc Deficiency Problem. International Conference on Healthy Agriculture, Nutrition and Community. Icanc-p-100-992-1. July, 2015, Tehran, Iran.

7. Ahmadi, A., and Baker, D. A. 1999. Effects of abscisic acid (ABA) on grain filling processes in wheat. Plant Growth Regulation 28: 187-197.

8. Ali Ehyaee, M., and Behbahanizadeh, A. A. 1993. Describe the methods of soil analysis. Soil and Water Research Institute, No. 893.

9. Aravind, P., and Prasad, M. N. V. 2004. Zinc protects chloroplasts and associated photochemical functions in cadmium exposed Ceratophyllum demersum L.: A freshwater macrophyte. Plant Science 166: 1321-1327.

10. Baghizadeh, A., and Hajmohammadrezaei, M. 2011. Effect of Drought stress and its interaction with soluble sugar and Salicylic acid on Okra (Hibisicus Esculentus L.) germination and seedling growth, Journal of Stress & Biochemistry 1: 55-65.

11. Barendse, G., Van, de. Werken, P., and Takahashi, N., 1980. High-performance liquid chromatography of gibberellins. Journal of Chromatography A. 198 (4): 449-455.

12. Bates, L., Waldren, R., and Teare, I., 1973. Rapid determination of free proline for water-stress studies. Plant and Soil 39 (1): 205-207.

13. Borkovec, V., and Prochazka, S. 1992. Pre anthesis interaction of cytokinins and ABA in the transport of 14C sucrose to the ear of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Journal of Agronomy Crop Science 169: 229-235.

14. Broadley, M. R., White, P. J, Hammond, J. P, Zelko, I., and Lux, A. 2007. Zinc in plants. New Phytologist 173 (4): 677-702.

15. Cakmak, I., Kalayci, M., Kaya, Y., Torun, A. A., Aydin, N., Wang, Y., Arisoy, Z., Erdem, H., Yazici, A., Gokmen, O., Ozturk, L., and Horst, W. J. 2010. Biofortification and localization of zinc in wheat grain. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 58: 9092-9102.

16. Cakmak, I., Marschner, H., and Bangerth, F. 1989. Effect of Zinc Nutritional Status on Growth, Protein Metabolism and Levels of lndole-3-acetic Acid and other Phytohormones in Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Journal of Experimental Botany 40: 212, pp.

17. Daniel, L. P., Roma, D., Bol, A., Nerdal, N., and Brown, K. H. 2003. Absorption of zinc from wheat products fortified with iron and either zinc sulfate or zincoxide. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 78 (2): 279-283.

18. Devi, P. G., and Velu, A. S. 2016. Synthesis, structural and optical properties of pure ZnO and Co doped ZnO nanoparticles prepared by the co-precipitation method. Journal of Theoretical and Applied Physics 10 (3): 233-240.

19. Fageria, N., Slaton, N., and Baligar, V. 2003. Nutrient management for improving lowland rice productivity and sustainability. Advances in Agronomy 80: 63-152.

20. Fao. 2014. from http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QC.

21. Fediuc, E., and Laszlo, E. 2002. Physiological and biochemical aspects of cadmium toxicity and protective mechanisms induced in phragmites Australia and Typha latifolia. Plant Physiology 5: 129-132.

22. Fitter, A. H., and Hay, R. 2002. Environmental physiology of plants, 3rd ed. San Diego, CA, USA: Academic Press.

23. Fontaine, J. 2003. Amino acid analysis of feeds. Amino acids in animal nutrition: 15-40.

24. Haug, W., and Lantzsch, H. J. 1983. Sensitive method for the rapid determination of phytate in cereals and cereal products. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 34 (12): 1423-1426.

25. Hu, C. A., Delauney, A. J., and Verma, D. P. 1992. A bifunctional enzyme (Δ1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthetase) catalyzes the first two steps in proline biosynthesis in plants. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 89: 9354-9358.

26. Ji, X., Shiran, B., Wan, J., Lewis, D. C., Jenkins, C. L., Condon, A. G., Richards, R. A., and Dolferus, R., 2010. Importance of pre‐anthesis anther sink strength for maintenance of grain number during reproductive stage water stress in wheat. Plant, Cell & Environment 33 (6): 926-942.

27. Kaya, C., and Higgs, D. 2002. Response of tomato (Lycopersicom esculentum L.) cultivars to foliar application of zinc when grown in sand culture at low zinc. Scientia Horticulturae 93: 53-64.

28. Keram, K. S. 2014. Response of Zinc Fertilization to Wheat on Yield, Quality, Nutrients Uptake and Soil Fertility Grown in a Zinc Deficient Soil. European Journal of Academic Essays 1 (1): 22-26.

29. Khan, M. A., Fuller, M. P., and Baloch, F. S. 2008. Effect of Soil Applied Zinc Sulphate on Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Grown on a Calcareous Soil in Pakistan. Cereal Research Communications 36 (4): 571-582.

30. Kisan, B., Shruthi, H., Sharanagouda, H., Revanappa, S., and Pramod, N., 2015. Effect of nano-zinc oxide on the leaf physical and nutritional quality of spinach. Agrotechnology 5: 135.

31. Klaine, S., Alvarez, P., Batley, G., Fernandes, T., Handy, R., Lyon, D., Mahendra, S., McLaughlin, M. J., and Lead, J. R. 2008. Nanomaterials in the environment: Behavior, fate, bioavailability, and effects. Environmental Toxicology Chemistry 27: 1825-1851.

32. Liang, X., Zhang, L., Natarajan, S. K., and Becker, D. F. 2013. Proline Mechanisms of Stress Survival. Antioxid Redox Signal 19 (9): 998-1011.

33. Manjunatha, S., Biradar, D., and Aladakatti, Y. 2016. Nanotechnology and its applications in agriculture: A review. Journal of Farm Science 29 (1): 1-13.

34. Marrush, M., Ymaguchi, A., and Saltveit, M. E. 1998. Effect of potassium nutrition during bell pepper seed development on vivipary and endogenous levels of abscisic acid. American Society for Horticultural Science 123: 925-930.

35. Marschner, H. 1993. Mineral nutrition of hisherplants. 2nd ed. Academic. Press public.

36. Marschner, H. 2011. Marschner's mineral nutrition of higher plants, Academic press.

37. Martin, D., Stegman, E., and Fereres, E. 1990. Irrigation scheduling principles. IN: Management of Farm Irrigation Systems. American Society of Agricultural Engineers, St. Joseph, MI. 155-203, 19, 9, 81.

38. Movahhedi Dehnavi, M., Modarres Sanavi, A. M., Soroush-Zade, A., and Jalali, M., 2004. Changes of proline, total soluble sugars, chlorophyll (SPAD) content and chlorophyll fluorescence in safflower varieties under drought stress and foliar application of zinc and maganese. Biaban 9 (1): 93-110.

39. Movahhedy-dehnavy, M., Modarres-Sanavy, S. A. M., and Mokhtassi-Bidgoli, A. 2009. Foliar application of zinc and manganese improves seed yield and quality of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) grown under water deficit stress. Industrial Crops and Products 30: 82-92.

40. Muraro, D., Byrne, H., King, J., Voß, U., Kieber, J., and Bennett, M. 2011. The influence of cytokinin–auxin cross-regulation on cell-fate determination in Arabidopsis thaliana root development. Journal of Theoretical Biology. 283 (1): 152-167.

41. Myers, P. N., Setter, T. L., Madison, J. T., and Thompson, J. F. 1990. Abscisic acid inhibition of endosperm cell division in cultured maize kernels. Plant Physiol 94: 1330-1336.

42. Pourghasem Gargari, B., Mahboub, S. A., and Razavieh, S. V. 2005. Phytic acid and its molar ratio to zinc in consumed breads in tabriz. Journal of Urmia University of Medical Scinces 16 (3): 136-142.

43. Prasad, A. S. 2003. Zinc deficiency. British Medical J. 326 (7386): 409-410.

44. Premanathan, M., Karthikeyan, K., Jeyasubramanian, K., and Manivannan, G. 2011. Selective toxicity of ZnO nanoparticles toward Gram-positive bacteria and cancer cells by apoptosis through lipid peroxidation. Nanomedicine: Nanotechnology, Biology and Medicine 7 (2): 184-192.

45. Razmjoo, J., and Ghafari, H. 2015. Response of durum wheat to foliar application of varied sources and rates of iron fertilizers. Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology 17 (2): 321-331.

46. Roche, J., Hewezi, T., Bouniols, A., and Gentzbittel, L. 2009. Real-time PCR monitoring of signal transduction related genes involved in water stress tolerance mechanism of sunflower. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry 47 (2): 139-145.

47. Rostamza, M., Chaichi, M. R., Jahansouz, M. R., and Alimadadi, A. 2011. Forage quality, water use and nitrogen utilization efficiencies of pearl millet (Pennisetum americanum L.) grown under different soil moisture and nitrogen levels. Agricultural Water Management 98 (10): 1607-1614.

48. Salami, A. U., and Kenefick, D. G. 1970. Stimulation of growth in zinc-deficient corn seedlings by the addition of tryptophan. Crop Science 10: 291-4.

49. Schussler, J. R., Brenner, M. L., and Brun, W. A. 1984. Abscisic acid and its relationship to seed filling in soybeans. Plant Physiology 76: 301.

50. Scott, N., and Chen, H. 2013. Nanoscale science and engineering for agriculture and food systems. Industrial Biotechnology 9 (1): 17-18.

51. Sedri, M. H., and Malakouti, M. J. 1998. Determination of micronutrients critical levels in Kordestan irrigated wheat soils. Iran. J. Soil Water Sci. 12: 19-31.

52. Sekimoto, H., Mitsuo, H., Takahito, N., and Takao, Y. 1997. Zinc Deficiency Affects the Levels of Endogenous Gibberellins in Zea mays L. Plant Cell Physiology 38 (9): 1087-1090.

53. Siddiqui, M. H., Al-Khaishany, M. Y., Al-Qutami, M. A., Al-Whaibi, M. H., Grover, A. H. M., Al-Wahibi, M. S., and Bukhari, N. A. 2015. Response of different genotypes of faba Bean plant to drought stress. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 16: 10214-10227.

54. Singh, J., Padmalochan, H., and Jolly, B. 2014. Potential of Vigna unguiculata as a Phytoremediation Plant in the Remediation of Zn from Contaminated Soil. American Journal of Plant Sciences 5: 1156-1162.

55. Singh, K., and Shukla, V. C. 1985. Response of wheat to zinc application in different soils of a semiarid region. Indian Society of Soil Science 40: 119-124.

56. Stoimenov, P. K., Klinger, R. L., Marchin, G. L., and Klabunde, K. Y. 2002. Metal oxide nanoparticles as bactericidal agents. Langmuir 18: 6679-6686.

57. Skoog, F. 1940. Relationships between zinc and auxin in the growth of higher plants. American Journal of Botany 27: 939-951.

58. Torres Netto, A., Campostrini, E., DeOliviera, J. G., and Bressan-Smith, R. E. 2005. Photosynthetic pigments, nitrogen, chlorophyll a fluorescence and SPAD-502 readings in coffee leaves. Scientia Horticulture 104: 199-209.

59. Van Loon, J. A. 2012. Analytical atomic absorption spectroscopy: selected methods, Elsevier.

60. Wahid, A., Gelani, S., Ashraf, M., and Foolad, M. R. 2007. Heat tolerance in plants: An overview. Environmental and Experimental Botany 61: 199-223.

61. Wang, H., Liu, R. L., and Jin, J. Y. 2009. Effects of zinc and soil moisture on photosynthetic rate and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters of maize. Biologia plantarum 53 (1): 191-194.

62. Yokota, T., Nakayama, M., Harasawa, I., Sato, M., Katsuhara, M., and Kawabe, S. 1994. Polyamines, indole-3-acetic acid and abscisic acid in rice phloem sap. Plant growth regulation 15 (2): 125-128.

63. Zain, M., Khan, I., Qadri, R. W. K., Ashraf, U., Hussain, S., Minhas, S., Siddiquei, A., Jahangir, M. M., and Bashir, M. 2015. Foliar application of micronutrients enhances wheat growth, yield and related attributes. American Journal of Plant Sciences 6 (07): 864.

64. Zdunek, E., and Lips, S. H. 2001. Transport and accumulation rates of abscisic and aldehyde oxidase activity in Pisum sativum L. in response to sub optimum growth condition. Journal of Experimental Botany 52: 1269-1276.

65. Zengin, K. F. 2006. The effects of Co2+ and Zn2+ on the contents of protein, abscisic acid, proline and chlorophyll in bean (Phaseolus vulgaris cv. Strike) seedlings. Journal of Environmental Biology 27: 441-448.