Effect of Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria on Yield, Yield Components and Qualitative Traits of Soybean Cultivars (Glycine max) in Different Irrigation Regimes

پژوهشهای زراعی ایران

Article 3, Volume 17, Issue 4 - Serial Number 56, January 2020, Pages 537-550   

Document Type: Research Article

DOI: 10.22067/gsc.v17i4.74185

Authors

F Mondani^* ; K Khani; S Jalali Honarmand; M Saeedi

Razi University

Abstract

Introduction
In recent decades, sustainable agricultural management, protection of soil living organism’s community and the efforts to use biological solutions for plant nutrition and society health has been considered. Among soil microorganisms, plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) are the most promising, including all bacteria inhabiting the rhizosphere and the rhizoplane, which able to stimulate plant growth and yield. The modes of action of PGPR are clearly diverse and not all bacteria possess the same mechanisms. These mechanisms vary from changes in hormonal content, production of volatile compounds, increasing of nutrient availability and enhance abiotic stress tolerance such as the water deficit stress. Therefore, the objective of the present study was to evaluate the effects of the PGPR on the yield and yield components of soybean under different irrigation regimes.
Materials and Methods
The field experiment was conducted during 2016 at the research farm of Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran (34°, 19´ N, 47°, 50´ E and altitude 1320 m). A split plot factorial experiment was conducted based on Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD). Main plots had three irrigation regimes in which irrigation was cut based on the soybean stages (I1: water deficit stress from mid pod development stage to maturity stage; I2: water deficit stress from seed filling development stage to maturity stage; and I3: optimum irrigation in all development stages) and sub-plots were composed of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) (B1: no bacteria; B2: Bacillus subtilis; and B: Bacillus licheniformis) and soybean cultivar (TMS, M9 and Kosar). The experimental plots were irrigated based on furrow method. I3 treatment were irrigated every 7 days until the end of the growing period while in the I1 and I2 treatments, the plots were irrigated every 7 days until the start of the water deficit stress. In order to inoculate with the PGPR, the soybean seeds were plunged in a 1:10 (V:V) solution of liquid culture and distilled water respectively, for 10 minutes. All seeds were oven-dried at 30° C for 5 h. Finally, the seeds by PGPR were inoculated by Bradyrhizobium japonicum before sowing and cultivated immediately at 4 to 5 cm soil depth. About 1.5 m2 harvested at the physiological maturity stage. The evaluated traits were the total dry weight, seed yield, 1000 seed weight, pod per plant, seed per pod, oil percentage and protein percentage.
Results and Discussion
The results indicated that the water deficit stress reduced the total dry weight, seed yield, 1000-seed weight, pod per plant, seed per pod, oil percentage and protein percentage of soybean. The PGPR application improved all measured traits of soybean in all irrigation regime treatments. The highest seed yield (380.9 g m-2) and total dry weight (1082.8 g m-2) were observed in the optimum irrigation and B. subtilis treatment for TMS cultivar and the highest 1000-seed weight (136.2 g) and protein percentage (33.2) also were related to the optimum irrigation and B. licheniformis treatment for TMS cultivar. The lowest total dry weight (828.1 g m-2), seed yield (134.2 g m-2), 1000-seed weight (84.8 g) and protein percentage (21.4) were related to the water deficit stress from mid pod development stage to maturity stage and no bacteria treatment for Kosar cultivar. The results also indicated that the effects of interaction between irrigation regimes, application of PGPR and cultivars on evaluated traits were not significant. 
Conclusions
It seems that the PGPR via increasing of the root system and more uptake of water in the rhizosphere could promote the soybean yield and yield components. Nevertheless, as the results showed, the more effects of the PGPR were observed in the I2 treatment compared to other treatments. The PGPR actually could promote the yield and yield components of soybean in the mid water deficit stress.

Keywords

Drought stress; grain yield; Oil percentage; Protein percentage

References

1. Abdipour, M., Rezaei, A., Hooshmandand, S., and Raeis. F. 2010. Effect of drought stress on yield and yield components of determinate soybean (Glycine max (L) Merrill). Journal of Agricultural Science 4: 1-14. (In Persian with English Abstract).

2. Akbari, D. 2012. Effect of drought stress at different growth stages on soybean yield and water use efficiency in Mazandaran. Agricultural Science and Sustainable Production 22: 13-23. (in Persian with English abstract).

3. Besharati, H., Pashapour, S., and Rezazadeh, M. 2017. The evaluation of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria effect for improving soybean growth indices. Iranian Journal of Field Crops Research 47: 671-687. (in Persian with English abstract).

4. Biglouei, M. H., Kafi Ghasemi, A., Javaher Dashti, M., and Esfahani, M. 2013. Effect of irrigation regimes on yield and quality of forage maize (KSC 704) in Rasht region in Iran. Iranian Journal of Crop Science 3: 196-206. (in Persian with English abstract).

5. Brevedan, R. E., and Egli, D. B. 2003. Short periods of water stress during seed filling, leaf senescence, and yield of soybean. Crop Science 43: 2083-2088.

6. Brown, E. A., Caviness C. E., and Brown, D. A. 1985. Response of soybean cultivars to soil moisture deficit. Agronomy Journal 77: 274-278.

7. Chebotar, V. K., Asis, C. A., and Asao, S. 2001. Production of growth-promoting substances and high colonization ability of rhizobacteria enhance the nitrogen fixation of soybean when inoculated with Bradyrhizobium japonicum. Biology and Fertility of Soils 4: 427-432.

8. Chibeba, A. M., de Fatima Guimarães, M., Brito, O. R., Nogueira, M. A., Araujo, R. S., and Hungria, M. 2015. Co-inoculation of soybean with Bradyrhizobium and Azospirillum promotes early nodulation. American Journal of Plant Sciences 6: 1641-1649.

9. Dabaghian, Z., Pirdashti, H., Abasian, A., and Bahari Saravi, S. H. 2015. The effect of biofertilizers, Thiobacillus, Azotobacter, Azospirillum and organic sulfur on nodulation process and yield of soybean (Glycine Max L. Merr.). Applied Field Crop Research 107: 17-25. (in Persian with English abstract).

10. Dey, R., Pal, K. K., Bhatt, D. M., and Chauhan, S. M. 2004. Growth promotion and yield enhancement of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) by application of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria. Microbiological Research 159: 371-94.

11. Divsalar, M., Tahmasbi-Sarvestani, Z., Mohammad Modares Sanavi, A., and Hamidi, A. 2016. The evaluation of drought stress impact as irrigation withholding at reproductive stages on quantitative and qualitative performance of soybean cultivars. Agricultural Crop Management 18: 481-493. (in Persian with English abstract).

12. Elkoca, E., Kantar, F., and Sahin, F. 2008. Influence of nitrogen fixing and phosphorus solubilizing bacteria on the nodulation, plant growth, and yield of chickpea. Journal of Plant Nutrition 31: 157-171.

13. Emami, A. 1996. Plant Analysis Methods. Iranian Plant and Water Research Center, No. 928. (in Persian).

14. Folch, J., Less, M., and Stone Stanley, G. H. 1957. A simple method for the isolation and purification of total lipids from animal tissues. Journal of Biological Chemistry 226: 497-508.

15. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Statistical Database. 2017. FAOSTAT Production Statistics of Crops. Available at: http://faostat3.fao.org/download/Q/QC/E.

16. Ghassemi-Golezani, K., and Lotfi, R. 2012. Response of soybean cultivars to water stress at reproductive stages. International Journal of Plant, Animal and Environmental Science 2: 198-202.

17. Glick, B. R. 1995. The enhancement of plant growth by free living bacteria. Canadian Journal of Microbiology 41: 109-117.

18. Gupta, G., Parihar, S., Ahirwar, N. K., and Snehi, S. K. 2015. Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR): Current and Future Prospects for Development of Sustainable Agriculture. Microbial & Biochemical Technology 7: 96-102.

19. Habibi, D. 2015. Effect of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria, foliar application of amino acids and silicic acid on yield and yield components of wheat under drought stress. New Finding in Agriculture 9: 89-104. (in Persian with English abstract).

20. Hokmalipour, S. 2017. Evaluate the effect of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) and nitrogen fertilizer on yield and some agronomic and physiological traits of medicinal plant of Peppermint (Mentha piperita L.). Journal of Plant Ecophysiology 9: 133-144. (in Persian with English abstract).

21. Khademhamzeh, H. R., Karimie, M., Rezaie, A., and Ahmadie, M. 2004. Effect of plant density and planting date on agronomic characteristics, yield and yield components in soybean. Iranian Journal of Agricultural Science 35: 357-367. (in Persian with English abstract).

22. Khan, A. G. 2005. Role of soil microbes in the rhizospheres of plants growing on trace metal contaminated soils in phytoremediation. Journal of Trace Elements in Medicine and Biology 18: 355-64.

23. Jeon, J. S., Lee, S. S., Kim, H. Y., Ahn, T. S., and Song, H. G. 2003. Plant growth promotion in soil by some inoculated microorganisms. Journal of Microbiology 41: 271-76.

24. Mehrabadi, H. R., Nezami, A., Kafi, M., and Ahmadifard, M. 2016. Survey of the Effect of different irrigation levels on yield and yield components of sensitive and tolerant cotton cultivars. Journal of Water and Soil 6: 1415-1425. (in Persian with English abstract).

25. Mertz-Henning, L. M., Ferreira, L. C., Henning, F. A., Mandarino, J. M. G., Santos, E. D., Oliveira, M. C. N. D., Nepomuceno, A. L., Farias, J. R. B., and Neumaier, N. 2018. Effect of water deficit-induced at vegetative and reproductive stages on protein and oil content in soybean grains. Agronomy 8: 1-11.

26. Moghaddam Khamseh, A., Daneshian, J., Amini Dehghi, M., Jabbari, H., and Modarres Sanavy, S. A. M. 2012. Effect of plant density and water deficit on the growth, yield and yield component of soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill). Journal of Agronomy Science 4: 27-40.

27. Mohseni, A. R., Khajoinejad, G. R., and Mohammadinejad, G. 2015. Yield and yield components reaction of soybean cultivars to inoculation by Bradyrhizobium Japonicum bacteria and nitrogen. Journal of Plant Production Research 22: 73-88. (in Persian with English abstract).

28. Morrison, F. B. 1956. Feeds and feeding. 22th edn. The Morrison Publishing Company, Ithaca, New York. USA.

29. Prakamhang, J., Tittabutr, P., Boonkerd, N., Teamtisong, K., Uchiumi, T., Abe, M., and Teaumroong, N. 2015. Proposed some interactions at molecular level of PGPR inoculated with Bradyrhizobium diazoefficiens USDA110 and B. Japonicum THA6 on soybean symbiosis and its potential of field application. Applied Soil Ecology 85: 38-49.

30. Rostamzadeh Kaleybar, M., Farboodi, M. Hoseinzadeh Moghbeli, A. H., and Razmi, N. 2012. The effects of irrigation regimes on second cropping of three soybean genotypes in Moghan region. Journal of Crop and Weed Ecophysiology 5: 15-28. (in Persian with English abstract).

31. Ruzzi, M., and Aroca, R. 2015. Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria act as biostimulants in horticulture. Scientia Horticulture 196: 124-134.

32. Seiedi, M. N., and Seyed Sharifi, R. 2013. The effects of seed inoculation with rhizobium and nitrogen application on yield and some agronomic characteristics of Soybean (Glycine max L.) under Ardabil condition. Iranian Field Crop Research 11: 618-628. (in Persian with English abstract).

33. Seyed-Sharifi, R., Lotfollah, F., and Kamari, H. 2016. Evaluation of effects of Azotobacter, Azospirillum and Psedomunas inoculation and spraying of nitrogen on fertilizer use efficiency and growth of Triticale. Journal of Soil Management and Sustainable 5: 115-132. (in Persian with English abstract).

34. Sharifi, R., Ahmadzadeh, M., Sharifi-Tehrani, A., and Talebi-Jahromi, K. 2010. Pyoverdine production in Pseudomonas fluorescens UTPF5 and its association with suppression of common bean damping off caused by Rhizoctonia solani (Kuhn). Journal of Plant Protection Research 50: 72-78.

35. Shiri-Jenaqrd, M., and Raei, Y. 2014. Effect of growth-promoting bacteria on soybean nodulation and its oil and protein yields. Journal of Agricultural Science and Sustainable Production 24: 69-82.

36. Sindhu, S. S., Suneja, S., Goel, A. K., Parmer, N. K., and Dadarwal, R. 2002. Plant growth promoting effects of Pseudomonas sp. on co inoculation with Mesorhizobium sp. Cicer strain under sterile and wilt sick soil conditions. Applied Soil Ecology 19: 57-64.

37. Souza, R. D., Ambrosini, A., and Passaglia, L. M. 2015. Plant growth-promoting bacteria as inoculants in agricultural soils. Genetics and Molecular Biology 38: 401-419.

38. Tabassum, B., Khan, A., Tariq, M., Ramzan, M., Khan, M. S. I., Shahid, N., and Aaliya, K. 2017. Bottlenecks in commercialization and future prospects of PGPR. Applied Soil Ecology 121: 102-117.

39. Vahadi, N., and Gholinezhad, E. 2015. Evaluation of Drought Tolerance of Some Soybean Cultivars. Journal of Water Research in Agriculture 29: 1-9. (in Persian with English abstract).