Effectiveness Comparison of Pot, Porous Pipe and Gravity Drip Irrigation Methods in the Range of Gravity Pressures

آب و خاک

Article 8, Volume 31, Issue 4 - Serial Number 54, September 2018, Pages 1060-1069   

Document Type: Research Article

DOI: 10.22067/jsw.v31i4.60460

Authors

M. Arabfard¹; A. Shahnazari^{* 2}; Mirkhaleg Ziatabar Ahmadi³

¹Water Engineering Department Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University

²SANRU

³Sari Agricultural and Natural Resources University

Abstract

Introduction: Practical problems such as rushing roots toward pot, difficulty of manually filling with water and deficit irrigation due to permeation from regular pots prevents the development of pot irrigation. With regard to increasing irrigation efficiency importance and preventing water loss to fix the problems of this irrigation method.Changing physical structure of pot could solve many problems and issues which this irrigation technique is facing. Comparison of the two major characteristics of localized irrigation hydraulic characteristics (coefficient of variation and distribution uniformity) and also using gravity pressure can achieve a solution for water and energy shortage problems. So far, with knowledge of the role of water pressure at gravitational pressures in hydraulicproperties of these methods, some effective features in these methods application is specified.
Material and Methods: This study was carried out in randomized complete block at water engineering department of Sari Agriculture Science and Natural Resources university laboratory from September to December 2015. In this study, in the form of randomized complete block, hydraulic specifications of three treatments of pot irrigation, gravity drip irrigation and porous pipe irrigation investigated under water pressure of 0.5, 1.5 and 3 m. In each of the water column pressure, output water volume from 10 samples of each irrigation method treatments calculated from 7 replicates during one hour in about two months. Porous pipes which used in this study were imported 16mm sample pipes from Anahita Company. GDI gravitational emitter model, porous pipe and containers made of cellulose clay pots in the form of cylinder shape with diameter of 15 cm were used. Thus, within one hour of irrigation, water volume withdrawn from tested samples under constant pressure of irrigation were collected by suitable containers and measured by graded container and flow rate of each samples were calculated. Christensen distribution uniformity coefficient was calculated with Christensen distribution uniformity coefficient formula. Based on USA agronomical engineers, a pointed emitters with variation coefficient less than 0.05 is good, with cv of 0.05-0.10 is medium and with cv of 0.10-0.15 is weak. After calculating evaluation parameters, the results were analyzed with SPSS statistical software and Tukey test at 1 %and 5 % level of probability.
Results and Discussion: The results of statistical analysis of randomized complete block design and mean comparison of different level of treatments effects with Duncan test (irrigation method treatment and water pressure treatment) at 5 %level of probability showed that maximum distribution uniformity achieved in gravitational drip irrigation among samples. With increasing pressure, coefficient of variation was less affected and at lower pressures, coefficient of variation among tested samples were more evident. In addition, it is indicated that increasing pressure have maximum effect on flow rate and distribution uniformity increment while with increasing pressure, minimum changes observed in coefficient of variation. Therefore, among possible gravitational pressures in each project, maximum pressure should be selected for design and implementation. Result showed that in porous pipes and in pressures of 50, 150 and 300 cm, average flow rate were 0.31, 1.4 and 4.2 liter per hour in meter, average coefficient of variation were 0.88, 0.61 and 0.83 and average distribution uniformity were 2.2, 6.2 and 1.6 percent, respectively. In the main-treatment and in each pressure sub-treatment, samples flow rate changes at different replicates is so high that coefficient of variation was more than conventional coefficient (more than 0.6) and thus classified in unacceptable emitters. In this treatment, distribution uniformity was so low that using this irrigation method at gravitational pressures range cannot be recommended. Based on statistical analysis results, it is indicated that increasing pressure in gravitational drip irrigation have maximum effect and in pot irrigation, have minimum effect on flow rate changes, and in addition, maximum distribution uniformity among samples was in gravitational drip irrigation while in porous pipe irrigation besides high coefficient of variation, minimum distribution uniformity among samples were observed.
Conclusion: Due to the high influence of pressure changes in gravitational pressures on hydraulic characteristics of mentioned three irrigation method, among investigated gravitational pressures in this study, pressure of 3m as appropriate pressure at gravitational pressures and among localized irrigation methods, gravitational drip irrigation were recommended. It is recommended to paying attention to the development of gravitational drip irrigation application in large-scale garden and agriculture projects with positive approach.

Keywords

Coefficient of Variation Manufacturing; Distribution uniformity; Gravitational Pressurized Irrigation

References

1- Ahmadi M.KH., Drip irrigation, 1992, Mazandaran University Publishing.

2- Ahmadi R., and Mearaji D., 1998, Gravity Drip Irrigation (GDI), Proceedings of Ninth National Committee of Irrigation and Drainage Conference, 333-352.

3- Aivazi Hasanabadi M., and et all, Determination of Uniformity coefficient (CU) and Distribution Uniformity (DU) for Ahvaz Region, 2013, the National Conference on Sustainable Agricultural Development and a Healthy Environment.

4- Alemi M.H., 1980, Distribution of water and salt in soil under trickle and pot irrigation regiems, Agricultural water management, volume (3), number(3), pages(195-203).

5- Alizadeh A., Irrigation System Design Principles, 2006, Imam Reza University Publishing.

6- Arabfard M.,1999, Evaluation Efficiency and Distribution of Irrigation Water in the Pot Irrigation compared to a few Irrigation Systems in a Pharmaceutical Plant , Master Thesis, Shahid Chamran University of Ahwaz.

7- Arabfard M. ,et al., 2015, Hydraulic properties Study of number of emitters in the range of gravity pressures, Proceedings of the First International Conference on Advances in Biological and Agricultural Sciences, Tehran, Iran.

8- Behnia A.K., and Arabfard M., 2005, "Determinatio of the relationship between discharge - pressure in pots that used in pot irrigation", Journal of Science Industries Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Volume 19, Issue 1, pages 1 to 12.

9- Ghorbani Vaghaei H., and Bahrami H., 2012, The use of porous clay capsules for soil moisture supply in arid and semi-arid, Proceedings of the National Conference on combating desertification and sustainable development of wetlands desert of Iran, Arak.

10- Jvaheri P., 1976, Pot irrigation the possibility of using clay pots in irrigation, Institute of Soil and soil fertility, journal No.486.

11- Mahdizadeh P., 1977, Research on water saving for the reforestation and creation of green space in arid regions of the country, The Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands, Publication No. 21.

12- Memon A. H, and Soomro A. G., and Gadehi M. A., 2010. Water use efficiency and saving through pitcher and polyethylene bag irrigation. Pak. J. Agri., Agril. Eng., Vet. Sci., 2010, 26 (1): pages 16-29.

13- Padma Vasudevan Sen, Alka Thapliyal, M.G. Dastida and P.K. Sen, 2007. Pitcher of clay pot irrigation for water conservation. The International Conference on Mechanical Engineering 2007 (ICME2007) 29- 31 December 2007, Dhaka, Bangladesh.

14- P Vasudaven, Bhumija Kaphaliya, RKSrivastava, Mamta Tandon, 2011. Buried clay pot irrigation using saline water. Journal of Scientific & Industrial Research Vol.70, August 2011, pp.653-655.

15- Patil Ashish P, Geete Mandar H., 2013, Cost Less Individual Portable Drip Irrigation System Gravity System, International Journal of Engineering And Science Vol.3, Issue 5 (July 2013), Pp 42-46.

16- Sadeqi Z., 2003, evaluate the possibility of reducing the amount of energy in drip irrigation (gravity drip irrigation), Master Thesis, Shahid Chamran University of Ahwaz.

17- Sahhaf Amin B., and Farshi A.A, Drip irrigation-Drip Irrigation Network Design Principles, Publication of Agricultural Education.

18- Salehi M., Mahdavi Mazdeh A., 2014, Technical and Economical Evaluation of a Low Pressure Drip Irrigation System (Qazvin - Magsal Agro-Industry Case Study), the 2th National Conference on Applied Research in Agricultural Sciences.

19- Sohrabi T., and Gazori N., 1996, Evaluation of underground irrigation with permeable pipes, Second National Congress of Soil and water issues, pages 93 to 117.

20- Unnamed, 1977, Ttree species compatibility test with drip irrigation and comparison with pot irrigation, Publishing Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands, Issue 21, pages 45 to 48.