The Effect of Foliar Application of Iron Sources on Growth Parameters, Iron Concentration and Activity of Some Enzymes of Sorghum

آب و خاک

Article 9, Volume 31, Issue 5 - Serial Number 55, November 2018, Pages 1467-1480   

Document Type: Research Article

DOI: 10.22067/jsw.v31i5.64432

Authors

Sabireh Golshahi; Ahmad Gholamalizadeh Ahangar^* ; Noshin Mir; Maryam Ghorbani

University of Zabol

Abstract

Introduction: First and the most important requirement of human being is food and food supply, which is directly, or indirectly associated with agriculture. Iron is a critical element for the growth, expansion and survival of the plant, since multiple metabolic and a physiological process is essential for the proper functioning. Agricultural areas in the world have a high pH in soil, which in turn decreases iron absorption by plants. Iron deficiency depending on many soil and environmental factors as well as plant genetic that in turns can decrease the yield and product quality. One method of overcome iron deficiency in plants is foliar application. A foliar application of iron fertilizer in agriculture is the common practice, especially in soils that accompanied with iron deficiency. The proper use of various types of fertilizers is the main solution to improve and maintaining soil fertility and increase crop production. The objective of this study is to evaluate the effect of foliar application of iron sources on growth parameters, concentration and absorption of iron in shoot and root and enzymes activity of catalase (CAT), ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and guaiacol peroxidase (GPOX) on forage sorghum plant to determine the best combination of iron fertilizer.
Materials and Methods: An experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with factorial arrangement and three replications in greenhouse condition on forage sorghum (Sorghum Bicolor (L.) Moench) varieties of speed feed. The treatments included two levels of iron (0.25 and 0.5 g Fe.L-1 with Control (C)) from nine iron sources (Iron chelate (F1), Iron sulfate (F2), Iron oxide nanoparticles (F3), Monodisperse iron oxide nanoparticles (F4), Green nano iron (F5), Polymeric iron chelate (F6), Polymeric iron sulfate (F7), Polymeric iron oxide nanoparticles (F8) and Polymeric monodisperse iron oxide nanoparticles (F9)). The soil was obtained from educational and research greenhouses of Zabol university and after air drying and sieving passing 2 mm, some physical and chemical characteristics of soil such as texture, pH, electrical conductivity, cations exchange capacity, calcium carbonate equivalent, organic matter, total nitrogen contents, available P contents, available K contents and available Fe contents was measurement. Spraying of iron resources performed in two stages (4 leaf and the two weeks after first spraying). After two months of planting, the shoot cut from the surface of the soil and roots of the plants collected. Some parameters such as shoot and root dry weight, chlorophyll a, b and carotenoids, iron concentration in shoot and root, iron absorption in shoot and root, and activity of the enzyme (catalase, ascorbate peroxidase, guaiacol peroxidase) was measured. The experimental data examined using Excel and SAS 9.4 statistical software and the averages were compared using Duncan’s Multiple Range Tests at 0.01 and 0.05 significance level.
Results: Results analysis of variance indicated that the interaction effects between iron resources and iron level on the dry weight of shoots and roots, chlorophyll a and b, iron absorption in shoots and roots, enzymes guaiacol peroxidase. Ascorbate peroxidase and catalase were significant at the level of 5 percent and iron concentrations in shoots and roots were significant at the level of 1 percent. The carotenoid content in leaves in the simple effects of iron resources was significant at the level of 5 percent. According to the results, foliar application of treatments on dry weight of shoots and roots, Fe concentration and Fe absorption by shoots and roots, chlorophyll a, b and the enzyme activity of APX, GPOX in addition CAT were significantly increased compared to Control. Foliar application at 0.25 g Fe.L-1, chlorophyll b in the treatment of monodisperse iron oxide nanoparticles, Fe concentration and Fe absorption in the shoots in treatments of polymeric iron sulfate and polymeric iron chelate, respectively. Fe concentration and Fe absorption in the roots in treatment of polymeric monodisperse iron oxide nanoparticles and APX activity in iron chelate treatment increased significantly compared to control. At level of 0.5 g Fe.L-1, dry weight of shoots in the treatment of iron chelate, dry weight of roots and CAT enzyme in the treatment of green nano iron, chlorophyll a in the treatment of polymeric iron chelate and GPOX enzyme in the treatment of monodisperse iron oxide nanoparticles were compared with the control increased significantly. The simple effects of iron sources indicated that the highest level of carotenoids observed in the foliar application of polymeric iron chelate.

Keywords

Ascorbate peroxidase; Dry weight of shoot and root; Monodisperse iron oxide nanoparticles; Polymeric iron sulfate

References

1- Alidoust D., and Isoda A. 2014. Phytotoxicity assessment of ᵞ-Fe2O3 nanoparticles on root elongation and growth of rice plant. Environmental Earth Sciences, 71:5173-5182.

2- Armin M., Akbari S., and Mashhadi S. 2014. Effect of time and concentration of nano-Fe foliar application on yield and yield components of wheat. International Journal of Biosciences, 4(9):69-75.

3- Arnon D.I. 1949. Copper enzymes in isolated chloroplast, polyphenol oxidase in Beta vulgaris. Journal of Plant Physiology, 24:1-75.

4- Beers G.R., and Sizer I.V. 1952. A spectrophotometric method for measuring the breakdown of hydrogen peroxide by catalase. Biological Chemistry, 195:133-140.

5- Bhattacharjee S. 2005. Reactive oxygen species and oxidative stress, senescence and signal transduction in plants. Current Science, 89:1113-1121.

6- Borowski E., and Michalek S. 2011. The effect of foliar fertilization of French bean with iron salts and urea on some physiological processes in plants relative to iron uptake and translocation in leaves. Acta Scientiarum Polonorum Hortorum Cultus, 10(2): 183-193.

7- Bouyoucos C.J. 1997. Hydrometer method improved for making particle size analysis of soil. Agronomy Journal, 54:464-465.

8- Broschat T.K., and Moore K.K. 2004. Phytotoxicity of several iron fertilizers and their effects on Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, and P content of African Marigolds and Zonal Geraniums. Horticultural Science, 39(3): 595-598.

9- Cottenie A. 1980. Soil and plant testing as a basis of fertilizer recommendation. FAO Soils Bull, 38: 70-73.

10- Cui H.C., Sun Q., Liu J., and Gu W. 2006. Applications of Nanotechnology in Agrochemical Formulation. p. 1-6. Perspective, Challenges and Strategies, Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Beijig, China.

11- Datirl R.B., Apparao B.J., and Laware S.L. 2012. Application of amino acid chelated micronutrient for enhancing growth and productivity in chili (Capsicum annum L.). Plant Sciences Feed, 2(6): 100-106.

12- Delfani M., Baradarn Firouzabadi M., Farrokhi N., and Makarian H. 2014. Some Physiological Responses of Black-Eyed Pea to Iron and Magnesium Nanofertilizers. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis, 45(4): 530-540.

13- Fang Y., Wang L., Xin Z., Zhao L.Y., An X.X., and Hu Q.H. 2008. Effect of foliar application of zinc, selenium, and iron fertilizers on nutrients concentration and yield of rice grain in China. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 56:2079–2084.

14- Feil B., Moser S.B., Jampatong S., and Stamp P. 2005. Mineral composition of the grains of tropical maize varieties as affected by preanthesis drought and rate of nitrogen fertilization. Crop Science, 45:516–523.

15- Ghafari H., and Razmjoo J. 2013. Effect of Foliar Application of Nano-iron Oxidase, Iron Chelate and Iron Sulphate Rates on Yield and Quality of Wheat. International Journal of Agronomy and Plant Production, 4(11): 2997-3003.

16- Godsey R.J., and Johnson B. 2001. Seed treatment, seeding rate, and cultivar effects on iron deficiency chlorosis of soybean. Journal of Plant Nutrition, 24(8): 1255–1268.

17- Grillet L., Mari S., and Schmidt W. 2014. Iron in seeds loading pathways and subcellular localization. Frontiers in Plant Science, 4:535.

18- Helmke P.A., and Sparks D.L. 1996. Lithium, sodium, potassium, cesium, and rubidium. p. 551-574. In D.L. Sparks (ed.) Methods of soil analysis. Part 3. Chemical methods and processes. Madison, Soil Science Society of America.

19- Hemeda H.M., and Kelin B.P. 1990. Effects of naturally occurring antioxidants on peroxidase activity of vegetables extracts. Journal of Food Science, 55: 184-185.

20- Hu J., Guo H., Li J., Gan Q., Wang Y., and Xing B. 2017. Comparative impacts of iron oxide nanoparticles and ferric ions on the growth of Citrus maxima. Environmental Pollution, 221:199-208.

21- Kaur N.P., Takkar P.N., and Nayyar V.K. 1984. Catalase, peroxidase, and chlorophyll relationship to yield and iron deficiency chlorosis in Cicer genotypes. Journal of Plant Nutrition, 7:1213–1220.

22- Ksouri R., Debez A., Mahmoudi H., Ouerghi Z., Gharsalli M., and Lachaa M. 2007. Genotypic variability within Tunisian grapevine varieties (Vitis vinifera L.) facing bicarbonate-induced iron deficiency. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, 45: 315-322.

23- Li J., Chang P., Huang J., Wang Y., Yuan H., and Ren H. 2013. Physiological effects of magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles towards watermelon. Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, 13:5561-5567.

24- Lindsay W.L., and Norvell W.A. 1978. Development of DTPA soil test for zinc, iron, mangnese and copper. Soil Science Society of American Journal, 42: 421-428.

25- Lucena J.J. 2006. Synthetic iron chelates to correct iron deficiency in plants. p. 103-128. In L.L. Barton and J. Abadia (ed.) Iron nutrition in plants and rhizospheric microorganisms, Springer: Dordrecht.

26- Mahmoudi H., Ksouri R., Gharsalli M., and Lachaal M. 2005. Differences in responses to iron deficiency between two legumes: Lentil (Lens culinaris) and chickpea (Cicer arietinum). Journal of Plant Physiology, 162(11):1237-1245.

27- Marschner H., Romheld V., and Kissel M. 1995. Different strategis in higher plants in mobilization and uptake of iron. Journal of Plant Nutrition, 9:695-713.

28- Masonic A., Evacoli A., and Mavoti M. 1996. Spectral of leaves deficient in iron sulphur, magnesium and magnese. Agronomy Journal, 88(6):937-943.

29- Mikkelsen R.L. 1994. Using hydrophilic polymers to control nutrient release. Fertilizer Research, 38: 53-59.

30- Mikkelsen R.L. 1995. Using hydrophilic polymers to improve uptake of manganese fertilizers by soybeans. Fertilizer Research, 41: 87-92.

31- Moaveni P. 2014. Study the priming of nano iron on biochemical traits of Sorghum (Sorghum Bicolor L.). Data Management Association (DAMA) International, 3(2):102-108.

32- Mohamadipoor R., Sedaghathoor S., and Mahboub Khomami A. 2013. Effect of application of iron fertilizers in two methods 'foliar and soil application' on growth characteristics of Spathyphyllum illusion. Iranian Journal of Horticultural Science and Technology, 3(1):232-240.

33- Monica R.C., and Cremonini R. 2009. Nanoparticles and higher plants. Caryologia, 62: 161-165.

34- Mortvedt J.J., Mikkelsen R.L., and Behel A.D.Jr. 1992. Grain sorghum response to granular formulations of iron sources and hydrophilic polymers. Journal of Plant Nutrition, 15: 1913-1926.

35- Motsara M.R., and Roy R.N. 2008. Plant analysis. p. 80. In Guide to laboratory establishment for plant nutrient analysis. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.

36- Nadi E., Aynehband A., and Mojaddam M. 2013. Effect of nano-iron chelate fertilizer on grain yield, protein percent and chlorophyll content of Faba Bean (Vicia faba L.). International Journal of Biosciences, 3(9): 267-272.

37- Nakano Y., and Asada K. 1981. Hydrogen peroxide is scavenged by ascarbate specific peroxidases in spinach chloroplasts. Plant cell physiology, 22: 867-880.

38- Navarro E., Piccapietra F., Wagner B., Marconi F., Kaegi R., Odzak N., Sigg L., and Behra R. 2008. Toxicity of silver nanoparticles to Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Environmental Science and Technology, American Chemical Society, 42(32): 8959-8964.

39- Nenova V., and Stoyanov I. 1995. Physiological and biochemical changes in young maize plants under iron deficiency. Catalase, peroxidase, and nitrate reductase activities in leaves. Journal of Plant Nutrition, 18: 2081-2091.

40- Olsen S.R., Cole C.V., Watanabe F.S., and Dean L.A. 1954. Estimation of available phosphorus in soils by extraction with sodium bicarbonate. USDA Circular 939, US Gov. Printing Office, Washington, DC.

41- Page A.L., Miller R.H., and Keeney D.R. 1982. Methods of soil analysis. Part2. 2nd ed. ASA and SSSSA. Madison, WI.

42- Ranieri A., Castagna A., Baldan B., and Soldatini G.F. 2001. Iron deficiency differently affects peroxidase isoforms in sunflower. Journal of Experimental Botany, 52: 25–35.

43- Reed D.W.M., Lyons Jr.C.G., and McEachern G.R. 1988. Field evaluation of inorganic and chelated iron fertilizers as foliar sprays and soil application. Journal of Plant Nutrition, 11(6-11):1369-1378.

44- Ren H., Liu L., Liu C., He S., Huang J., Li J., and Gu N. 2011. Physiological investigation of magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles towards Chinese mung bean. Journal of Biomedical Nanotechnology, 7: 677-684.

45- Rezaeei M., Daneshvar M., and Shirani A.H. 2014. Effect of iron nano chelated fertilizers foliar application on three wheat cultivars in Khorramabad climatic conditions. Scientific Journal of Crop Science, 3(2): 9-16.

46- Rhoades J.D. 1982. Soluble salts. p. 167-179. In: A.L. Page et al. (ed.) Methods of soil analysis. Part 2. 2nd ed. Chemical and microbiological properties. Monograph Number 9. ASA and SSSA, Madison, WI.

47- Rui M., Ma C., Hao Y., Guo J., Rui Y., Tang X., Zhao Q., Fan X., Zhang Z., Hou T., and Zhu S. 2016. Iron oxide nanoparticles as a potential iron fertilizer for peanut (Arachis hypogaea). Frontiers Plant Science, 7: 815-825.

48- Salarpour O., Parsa S., Sayyari M.H., and Jami Alahmadi M. 2013. Effect of Nano-iron Chelates on Growth, Peroxidase Enzyme Activity and Oil Essence of Cress (Lepidium sativum L.). International Journal of Agronomy and Plant Production, 4: 3583-3589.

49- Sinha S., and Saxena R. 2006. Effect of iron on lipid peroxidation, and enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant and bacoside- A content in medicinal plant Bacopa monnieri L. Chemosphere, 62(8): 134-135.

50- Shahrakizad M., Gholamalizadeh Ahangar A., and Mir N. 2015. EDTA-Coated Fe3O4 nanoparticles: a novel biocompatible fertilizer for improving agronomic traits of sunflower (Helianthus Annuus). Journal of Nanostructures, 5: 117-127.

51- Shailesh K.D., Pramod M., Rajashri K., and Anand K. 2013. Effect of nanoparticles suspension on the growth of Mung (Vigna radiata) seedlings by foliar spray method. Nanotechnology Development, 3:e1. 1-5.

52- Sheykhbaglou R., Sedghi M., Tajbakhsh shishevan M., and Sharifi S.R. 2010. Effects of nano-iron oxide particles on agronomic traits of soybean. Notulae Scientia Biologicae, 2:112-113.

53- Toth S.J., and Prince A.L. 1949. Estimation of cation exchange capacity and exchangeable Ca, K and Na contents of soils by flamephotometric techniques. Soil Science, 67:439-445.

54- U.S. Salinity Laboratory Staff. 1954. Alkaline-earth carbonates by gravimetric loss of carbon dioxide. p. 105. In: L.A. Richards (ed.) Diagnosis and improvement of saline and alkali soils. USDA Agric. Handbook. 60. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C.

55- U.S. Salinity Laboratory Staff. 1954. pH reading of saturated soil paste. p. 102. In: L.A. Richards (ed.) Diagnosis and improvement of saline and alkali soils. USDA Agricultural Handbook 60. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C.

56- Vattani H., Keshavarz N., and Baghaei N. 2012. Effect of sprayed Soluble different levels of iron chelate Nano fertilizer on nutrient uptake efficiency in two varieties of spinach (Varamin88 and Virofly). International Research Journal of Applied and Basic Sciences, 3(S): 2651-2656.

57- Walkley A., and Black I.A. 1934. Chromic acid titration for determination of soil organic matter. Soil Science, 63:251.

58- Wang Y., Hu J., Dai Z., Li J., and Huang J. 2016. In vitro assessment of physiological changes of watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) upon iron oxide nanoparticles exposure. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, 108: 353-360.

59- Yousefi S., Rabhi M., Abdelly C., and Gharsalli M. 2009. Iron deficiency tolerance traits in wild (Hordeum maritimum) and cultivated barley (Hordeum vulgare). Comptes Rendus Biologies, 332(6): 523-533.

60- Zuo Y., and Zhang F. 2011. Soil and crop management strategies to prevent iron deficiency in crops. Plant and Soil, 339: 83-93.