Increasing the Yield and Yield Components of Sunflower by Integrated Application of Phosphorus and Sewage Sludge under Optimum and Limited Irrigation Conditions

آب و خاک

Article 6, Volume 31, Issue 6 - Serial Number 56, January 2018, Pages 1637-1650   

Document Type: Research Article

DOI: 10.22067/jsw.v31i6.61402

Authors

Solmaz Kazemalilou^* ; Nosratollah Najafi; adel reyhanitabar

University of Tabriz

Abstract

Introduction: Sunflower as one of the most important oil crops in the world is affected by water deficit stress. Water deficit stress is one of the most important limiting factors of crops growth and production in Iran and many regions of the world. Because of the low water productivity in Iran, the water conservation and increasing of water use efficiency through good management including integrated application of organic and chemical fertilizers and balanced nutrition of plants are necessary. One of the negative effects of water deficit stress is impaired uptake of nutrients such as phosphorus (P) by plants and a decrease in plant yield. It has been found that use of P can reduce the negative effects of drought stress on plants that means the tolerance of plants to drought stress increases with optimal nutrition of P. In Iran, due to the lack of organic matter and the high cost of chemical fertilizers, farmers tend to use organic wastes such as sewage sludge that can have an important contribution in the improvement of soil fertility and plant nutrition and lead to an increase in water use efficiency. Also, integrated and suitable nutrition of plants is a method of sustainable management of soil fertility under environmental stresses. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the effects of sewage sludge (SS) and triple superphosphate (TSP) on sunflower (Helianthus annuus L. cv. Farrokh) seed yield and its components and determining the optimal levels of their consumption under optimum and limited irrigation conditions.
Materials and Methods: This experiment was conducted as a split-plot factorial arrangement in a randomized complete block design in Agricultural Research Station of Khoy under field conditions for two years. Experimental factors were irrigation time at two levels (irrigation after 60 and 150 mm evaporation from class A evaporation pan), triple superphosphate at three levels (0, 100 and 200 kg/ha), sewage sludge at four levels (0, 14.2, 28.4 and 56.7 t/ha) and year at two levels (2014 and 2015) with three replications. The 1000 seed weight of sunflower, weight and number of seeds per plant, the percentage of empty achenes, head diameter and seed yield were measured at the end of plant growth period. Statistical analysis of the data was performed using MSTATC software and means comparison was done by Duncan’s multiple range test at 5% probability level.
Results and Discussion: The combined analysis of variances showed that the effect of year was significant for weight of seeds per plant, head diameter and seed yield but it is not significant for 1000 seed weight, number of seeds per plant and percentage of empty achenes. Although water deficit stress significantly increased the percentage of empty achenes but 1000 seed weight, weight and number of seeds per plant, head diameter and seed yield significantly decreased compared to optimum irrigation conditions. The application of integrated application of 200 kg TSP and 56.7 tons SS per ha increased yield and yield components significantly compared to the control treatment. The interaction effects of TSP×SS×irrigation were significant for all studied characteristics. Under optimum irrigation condition, the highest 1000 seed weight (64 g), weight of seeds per plant (85 g), number of seeds per plant (1513), head diameter (22 cm) and seed yield (5576 kg/ha) were observed in intergrated treatment of 200 kg TSP+56.7 tons SS/ha. Under limited irrigation condition, the highest 1000 seed weight (57 g), seeds weight per plant (81 g), seeds number per plant (1494), head diameter (19.6 cm) and seed yield (5322 kg/ha) were obtained from 56.7 tons SS/ha treatment which showed no significant difference with 100 kg TSP+56.7 tons SS/ha treatment. Under optimum and limited irrigation conditions, the percentage of empty achenes were significantly decreased by integrated treatments of 200 kg TSP+56.7 tons SS/ha and 100 kg TSP+56.7 tons SS/ha (70 and 81 percent, respectively) compared to the control.
Conclusion: The results of this study indicated that integrated application of triple superphosphate and sewage sludge can mitigate negative effects of drought stress; therefore in order to reduce the use of chemical fertilizers, increasing sunflower seed yield and development of sustainable agriculture, integrated treatments of 200 kg TSP+56.7 tons SS/ha under optimum irrigation and 100 kg TSP+56.7 tons SS/ha under limited irrigation can be recommended at similar conditions (from the aspect of soil, plant, sewage sludge and climate).

Keywords

Integrated plant nutrition management; Oil seed; Sustainable agriculture; Water deficit stress

References

1- Abbasi M., Najafi N., Aliasgharzad N., and Oustan Sh. 2013. Effects of soil water conditions, sewage sludge, poultry manure and chemical fertilizers on the growth characteristics and water use efficiency of rice plant in a calcareous soil. Journal of Soil and Water Science-University of Tabriz, 23(1): 189-208. (in Persian with English abstract)

2- Abolhassani K.H., and Saeidy G. 2003. Relationship between agronomic characteristics of safflower under with and without moisture stress. Iranian Journal of Field Crops Research, 1(2): 138-142. (in Persian with English abstract)

3- Ahmadi A., and zali A. 2004. Compare of the storage and remobilization of photosynthesis materials and their contribution to the performance of four cultivar wheat in optimum and drought stress. Journal of Agricultural Science, 35(4): 931-921.

4- Ahmadinejad F., Najafi N., Aliasgharzad N., and Oustan S. 2013. Effects of organic and nitrogen fertilizers on water use efficiency, yield and the growth characteristics of wheat (Triticum aestivum cv. Alvand). Journal of Soil and Water Science-University of Tabriz, 23(2): 194-177. (in Persian with English abstract)

5- Ahmed H.K., Fawy H.A., and Abdel-Hady E.S. 2010. Study of sewage sludge use in agriculture and its effect on plant and soil. Agriculture and Biology Journal of North America, 1(5): 1044-1049.

6- Ailincai C., Jitareanu G., Bucur D., and Ailincai D. 2007. Influence of sewage sludge on maize yield and quality and soil chemical characteristics. Journal of Food Agriculture and Environment, 5(1): 310–313.

7- Albuquerque H.C., Junio Z.,Geraldo R., Sampaio R.A., Fernandes L.A., Zonta E., and Barbosa C.F. 2015. Yield and nutrition of sunflower fertilized with sewage sludge. Revista Brasileira Engenharia Agricultura Ambiental, 19(6): 553-559.

8- Alley M.M., and Vanlauwe B. 2009. The role of fertilizers in integrated plant nutrient management. International Fertilizer Industry Association.

9- Alkio M., Schubert A., Diepenbrock W., and Grimm E. 2003. Effect of source–sink ratio on seed set and filling in sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.). Plant, Cell and Environment, 26(10): 1609–1619.

10- Alqudah A.M., Samarah N.H., and Mullen R.E. 2011. Drought stress effect on crop pollination, seed set, yield and quality. Alternative Farming Systems, Biotechnology, Drought Stress and Ecological Fertilisation. Springer the Netherlands, Pp: 193-213.

11- Anonymous. 1993. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Standards for the use or disposal of sewage sludge.Office of Science & Technology, Washington, D.C. Final Rules, 58(32): 9248-9415.

12- Anonymous. 2014. Meteorological organization of Iran. www.iranhydrology.net/meteo.asp

13- Anonymous. 2014. The Ministry of Agriculture, Department of Animal Production.

14- Babaeian M., Esmaeilian Y., Tavassoli A., Asgharzade A., and Sadeghi. 2011. The effects of water stress, manure and chemical fertilizer on grain yield and grain nutrient content in barley. Scientific Research and Essays, 6(17): 3697-3701.

15- Bai Bourdi A., and Malakouti M.J. 2001. The effect of different levels of phosphorus and zinc on cadmium content of two potato varieties in sarab, East Azarbayjan. Journal of soil and water sciences, 15(1): 25-38. (in Persian with English abstract)

16- Barbosa G.M.C., Tavares Filho J., Brito O.R., and Fonseca I.C.B. 2007. Residual effect of sewage sludge on off-season corn yield. Brazilian Journal of Soil Science, 31(3): 601-605.

17- Behradfar A., Hassanzadeh Gorttapeh A., Zardashty M.R., and Talat F. 2009. Evaluation correlated traits for seed and oil yield in sunflower (Heliathus annuus L.) through path analysis in under condition relay cropping. Research Journal of Biological Sciences, 4 (1): 82-85.

18- Beltrano J., Caldiz D.O., Barreyro R., Sanchez Vallduvi G., and Bezus R. 1994. Effects of foliar applied gibberellic acid and benzyladenine upon yield components in sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.). Plant Growth Regulation, 15: 101-106.

19- Binder D.L., Dobermann A., Sander D.H., and Cassman K.G. 2002. Biossolids as nitrogen source for irrigated maize and rainfed sorghum.Soil Science Society of America Journal, 66: 531-543.

20- Caldeira Junior C.F., Souza R.A., Santos A. M., Sampaio R.A., and Martins E.R. 2009. Chemical characteristics of soil and growth of Astronium fraxinifolium (Schott) in response to fertilization with sewage sludge and calcium silicate. Revista Ceres, 56(2): 213-218.

21- Chimenti C.A., Pearson J., and Hall A.J. 2002. Osmotic adjustment and yield maintenance under drought in sunflower. Field Crops Research, 75: 235-246.

22- Dane J.H., and Topp G.C. 2002. Methods of Soil Analysis. Part 4. Physical Methods. ASA-CSSA-SSSA Publisher, USA.

23- Da Silva E.C., Nogueira R.J.M.C., da Silva M.A., and de Albuquerque M.B. 2011. Drought stress and plant nutrition. Plant Stress, 5: 32-41.

24- Dehkhoda A., Naderidarbaghshahi M., Rezaei A., and Majdnasiri B. 2013. Effect of water deficiency stress on yield and yield component of sunflower cultivars in Isfahan. International Journal of Farming and Allied Sciences, 2: 1319-1324.

25- Dordas C. 2008. Role of nutrients in controlling plant diseases in sustainable agriculture: a review. Agronomy for Sustainable Development, 28(1): 33–46.

26- Esmaeilian Y., Galavi M., Amiri E., and Heidari M. 2014. Effect of organic and chemical fertilizers on yield, yield components and seed quality of sunflower under drought stress conditions. Journal of Soil and Water Science, 24(3): 175-189. (in Persian with English abstract)

27- FAO. 2006. Plant Nutrition for Food Security. A Guide for Integrated Nutrient Management. FAO Fertlizer and Plant Nutrition Bulletin, No 16, Rome, 347 Pages.

28- Farshi A.A., Shariati M.R., Jaroallahi R., Ghaemi M.R., Shahabifar M., and Tavallaei M.M. 1997. An Estimate of Water Requirement of Main Field Crops and Orchards in Iran. Vol. 2. Field Crops. Agricultural Education Publications, Karaj, Iran. (in Persian).

29- Fereres E., Gimez C., and Fernandez J.M. 1986. Genetic variability in sunflower cultivars underdrought. I. yield relationships. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research, 37(6): 573-582.

30- Garg B.K., Burman U., and Kathju S. 2004. The influence of phosphorus nutrition on the physiological response of moth bean genotypes to drought. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science, 167(4): 503–508.

31- Gholamhoseini M., Ghalavand A., and Jamshidi E. 2008. The effect of irrigation regimes and fertilizer treatments on grain yield and elements concentration in leaf and grain of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.). Pajouhesh & Sazandegi, 79: 91-100. (in Persian with English abstract)

32- Goksoy A.T., Demir A.O., Turan Z.M., and Daustu N. 2004. Responses of sunflower to full and limited irrigation at different growth stages. Field Crops Research, 87: 167-178.

33- Hazelton P.A., and Murphy B.W. 2007. Interpreting soil test results: what do all the numbers mean? CSIRO Publishing, Collingwood, Australia.

34- Jamshidi A., Ghalavand A., Salehi A., Javad Zare M., and Jamshidi E.R. 2009. Effect of mycorrhiza arbuscular on yield and yieldcomponents of sunflower under drought stressconditions. Iranian Journal of Agricultural Science, 11(1): 150-134. (in Persian with English abstract)

35- Jones B.J. 2001. Laboratory guide for conducting soil tests and plant analysis. CRC Press, USA.

36- Jungi L., Deborah A.S., Bruna B., Deborah L., and Carol P.W. 2005. Signalling of phosphorus deficiency-induced gene expression in white lupinrequires sugar and phloem transport. The Plant Journal, 41(2): 257-268.

37- Kandil AA., and Elsalwa L. 2004. Head diameter of sunflower as indicator for seed yield. Helia. 11: 21-23.

38- Karimzadeh Asl Kh., Mazaheri D., and Peighambari S.A. 2003. The effect of fourirrigation on yield and quantitative three varieties of sunflower. Iranian Journal of Agricultural Science, 34(2): 300-303.

39- Kassab O.M. 2005. Soil moisture stress and micronutrients foliar application effects on the growth and yield of mungbean plants. Journal of Agricultural Sciences, Mansoura University, 30: 247-256.

40- Knudsen D., Peterson G.A., and Pratt P.F. 1982. Lithium, sodium, and potassium. Pp. 225-246. Page A.L., R.H. Miller, and D.R. Keeney (eds). Methods of Soil Analysis. Part 2. Chemical and Microbiological Properties. Soil Science Society of America Journal Book Ser. 5. Madison, WI, USA.

41- Lavado R.S. 2006. Effects of sewage-sludge application on soils and sunflower yield: quality and toxic element accumulation. Journal of Plant Nutrition, 29: 975–984.

42- Lindsay W.L., and Norvell W.A. 1978. Development of a DTPA soil test for zinc, iron, manganese and copper. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 42: 421-428.

43- Lobo T.F., and Grassi Filho H. 2007. Level of sewage sludge for the productivity of sunflower. Journal of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, 7(3): 16-25.

44- Malakouti M.J., Balali M.R., Golchin A., Majidi A., Drodi M.S., Ziaeian A.A., Lotfollahi M.A., Shahabian M., Basirat M., Manochehri S., Davoudi M.H., Khadami Z., and Shahbazi K. 2000. Optimum Fertilizer Recommendation to Crops. Technical Publication, No. 200, Soil and Water Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran. (in Persian)

45- Marinković R. 1992. Path coefficient analysis of some yield components of sunflower. Euphytica, 60(3): 201-205.

46- Marschner H. 1995. Mineral nutrition of higher plants. 2nd edition, Academic Press, New York.

47- Mata-Gonzalez R., Sosebee R.E., and Wan C. 2002. Physiological impacts of biosolids application in desert grasses. Environmental and Experimental Botany, 48(2): 139-148.

48- Mohammad S. 1999. Long-term effect of fertilizers and integrated nutrient supply in intensive cropping on soil fertility, nutrient uptake a yield of rice. The Journal of Agricultural Science, 133(04): 365-370.

49- Moradi M., Madani H., and Pilevari R. 2008. Comparison ofbiological and chemical phosphorus efficiency in oilsunflower under climatic conditions of Arak. New Findings in Agriculture, 3(2): 168-178. (in Persian)

50- Motalebifard R., Najafi N., Oustan S., Nyshabouri M.R., and Valizadeh M. 2013. The combined effects of phosphorus and zinc on evapotranspiration, leaf water potential, water use efficiency and tuber attributes of potato under water deficit conditions. Scientia Horticulturae, 162: 31–38.

51- Motallebifard R., Najafi N., Oustan S., Neyshabouri M.R., and Valizadeh M. 2014. Effects of soil moisture, phosphorus and zinc levels on the growth attributes of potato, greenhouse conditions. Iranian journal of Soil and Water Research, 45(1): 75-86. (in Persian with English abstract)

52- Mozaffari K., Arshi A., and Zeinalikhnagah V.H. 1996. Effects of drought on some traits of morpho physiology and yield components of sunflower seeds. Journal of Seed and Plant, 12(3): 24-30.

53- Najafi N., and Mardomi S. 2012. The effects of waterlogging, sewage sludge and manure on the growth characteristics of sunflower in a sandy loam soil. Journal of Water and Soil- Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, 25(6): 1264-1276. (in Persian with English abstract)

54- Naing A., Banterng P., Polthanee A., and Trelo-Ges V. 2010. The effect of different fertilizers management strategies on growth and yield of upland black glutinous rice and soil property. Asian Journal of Plant Sciences, 9(7): 414-422.

55- Nascimento A.L., Sampaio R.A., Junio G.R., Carneiro J.P., Fernandes L.A., and Rodrigues M.N. 2014. Heavy metal contents in soil and in sunflower fertilized with sewage sludge. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition, 18(3): 294-300.

56- Nazemie A., Khazaei H.R., Boromand Rezazadeh Z., and Hosseini A. 2008. Effects of drought stress and defoliation on sunflower (Helianthus annus) in controlled conditions. Desert, 12: 99-104.

57- Nur I. 1978. Sunflower and the problem of unfilled seeds under Sudan conditions. Acta Agronomica Academiae Scientiarum Hungarica, 27: 339–340.

58- Olsen S.R., and Sommers L.E. 1982. Phsphorus, Pp. 403-430, In: Page Al (ed). Methods of Soil Analysis, Part 2. Chemical and Microbiological Methods, 2nd ed. ASA and SSSA, Madison, USA.

59- Page A.L., Miller R.H., and Keeney D.R. 1982. Methods of soil analysis. Part 2. Chemical and Microbiological Properties. ASA-CSSA-SSSA Publisher, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.

60- Peters J. 2003. Recommended methods of manure analysis. Cooperative Extension publishing, University of Wisconsin, USA.

61- Rahimizadeh M., Kashani A., Zare A., Madani H., and Soltani E. 2010. Effect of micronutrient fertilizers on sunflower growth and yield in drought stress condition. Journal of Crop Production, 3(1): 57-72. (in Persian with English abstract)

62- Ribeirinho V.S., Melo W.J., Silva D.H., Figueiredo L.A., and Melo G.M.P. 2012. Soil fertility, nutritional status, and yield of sunflower fertilized with sewage sludge. Tropical Agricultural Research, 42(2): 166-173.

63- Roshdi M., Heidari Sharifabad H., Karimi M., Noor Mohammadi G., and Darvish F. 2006. A survey on the impact of water deficiency over the yield of sunflower seed cultivar and its components. Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 12(1): 109-122. (in Persian with English abstract)

64- Sabaghpour S.H., Mahmodi A.A., Saeed A., Kamel M., and Malhotra R.S. 2006. Study on chickpea drought tolerance lines under dryland condition of Iran. Indian Journal of Crop Science, 1: 70-73.

65- Satyanarayana V., Prasad P.V., Murthy V.R.K., and Boote K.J. 2002. Influence of integrated use offarmyard manure and inorganic fertilizers on yield and yield components of irrigated lowland rice. Journal of Plant Nutrition, 25(10): 2081–2090.

66- Shoghi-Kalkhoran S., Ghalavand A., Modarres-Sanavy S.A.M., Mokhtassi-Bidgoli A., and Akbari P. 2013. Integrated fertilization systems enhance quality and yield of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.). Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology, 15: 1343-1352.

67- Singh R.P., and Agrawal M. 2008. Potential benefits and risks of land application of sewage sludge. Waste Management, 28(2): 347-358.

68- Sposito G., Lund L.J., and Chang A.C. 1982. Trace metal chemistry in arid-zone amended with sewage sludge: I. Fractionation of Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd and Pb in solid phases. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 46: 260-264.

69- Steer B.T., Hocking P.J., and Low A. 1988. Dry matter, minerals and carbohydrates in the capitulum of sunflower (Helianthus annuus): effects of competition between seeds, and defoliation. Field Crops Research, 18: 71–85.

70- Tabatabaii Ebrahimi S., Yarnia M., Khorshidi Benam M.B., and Farajzadeh Memari Tabrizi E. 2011. Effect of potassium fertilizer on corn yield (jeta cv.) under drought stress condition. American-Eurasian Journal of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, 10(2): 257-263.

71- Thomas C.N., Bauerle W.L., Chastain J.P., Owino T.O., Moore P., and Klaine S.J. 2006. Effect of scrubber by-product stabilized dairy lagoon sludge on growth and physiological responses of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.). Chemosphere, 64(1): 152-160.

72- Vega C.R.C., Sadras V.O., Andrade F.H., and Uhart S.A. 2000. Reproductive allometry in soybean, maize and sunflower. Annals of Botany, 85(4): 461-468.

73- Yegappan T.M., Paton D.M., Gates C.T., and Müller W.J. 1982. Water stress in sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) 3. Responses of cypsela size. Annals of Botany, 49: 69–75.

74- Zaffroni E.J., and Schneiter A.A. 1989. Water use efficiency and light interception of semi–dwarf and standard height sunflower hybrids grown in different row arrangment. Agronomy Journal, 81(5): 831-836.