Effects of Phosphorus on Grain Yield and Phosphorus Efficiency Indices in Canola Cultivars in Kermanshah Region

آب و خاک

Article 14, Volume 34, Issue 2 - Serial Number 70, May 2020, Pages 439-453   

Document Type: Research Article

DOI: 10.22067/jsw.v34i2.82911

Authors

J. Ghaderi^{* 1}; F. Nourgholipour²

¹Kermanshah

²Karaj

Abstract

Introduction: Due to the compatibility of canola with different conditions, economic value, its price and importance of rotation with cereals, it has the highest level of cultivation area among the oilseed crops in Iran. Phosphorus (P) deficiency is a widespread macronutrient deficiency and is one of the major limiting constraints for canola production. Despite its importance, it limits crop yield on more than 40% of the world’s arable land and 70.2% in Iran. Moreover, global P reserves are being depleted at a higher rate and according to some estimates, there will be no economic P reserve by the year 2050. This is a potential threat to sustainable canola production. Most of the P applied in the form of fertilizers may be adsorbed by the soil, and would not be available for plants lacking specific adaptations. It is widely accepted that the most realistic solution to the problem of P deficiency is to develop new plant cultivars that adapt to P-deficient soils. Phosphorus efficiency is a term that generally describes the ability of crop species/genotypes to give higher yield under P-limiting condition. Plant species as well as genotypes within the same species may differ in P efficiency. This study was conducted to determine the effect of phosphorus fertilization on the grain yield and phosphorus efficiency indices in different canola cultivars.
Materials and Methods: The present study was carried out at the research farm of the Mahidasht Agricultural Research Station located 20 km away from Kermanshah (with elevation of 1265 m). This experiment was conducted as factorial in a randomized complete block design with three replications with 2 factors including canola varieties and different amounts of phosphorus fertilizer. The first factor consisted of five triple superphosphate (TSP) levels (0, 16, 32, 49, and 61 kg per ha) and the second factor consisted of three cultivars (Okapi, Opera and Zarfam). This research was conducted on soil where the amount of available phosphorus was lower than the critical level required for canola (15 mg kg-1). Prior to sowing, all phosphorus treatments with 30 kg ha-1 of zinc sulfate fertilizer as well as one-third of nitrogen fertilizer (100 kg ha-1 urea) were applied during planting and mixed thoroughly with the soil. The remaining urea fertilizer was applied at two stages of stem growth (120 kg ha-1) and early flowering (100 kg ha-1). Each experimental plot had an area of 12 m2. Irrigation method was sprinkler. Grain and straw yield were determined after the harvest and seed samples (harvesting stage) were taken and rinsed with distilled water, oven dried at 70 °C, ground, digested and analyzed for determining the P concentration. Analysis of variance was performed using SAS software and mean comparisons performed by Duncan’s multiple range tests (P ≤ 0.05).
Results and Discussion: The results showed that the interaction effects of phosphorus fertilizer rate and canola cultivars on leaf P concentration, grain and straw yield, grain P concentration and uptake, and P efficiency indices were significant. In average of the two-years, the highest grain and straw yields (3203 and 4613 kg ha-1, respectively) were obtained from 300 kg ha-1 P fertilizer rate for Okapi cultivar. Under the P deficiency condition, no significant difference was observed between cultivars in terms of grain yield. Significant differences were observed among three cultivars in terms of P efficiency. Opera cultivar was efficient in absorption (0.84) and Zarfam cultivar was efficient in phosphorus utilization (152 kg grain / kg fertilizer), but Opera was phosphorus efficient. With application of phosphorus fertilizer, phosphorus use efficiency decreased and the highest amount was found for the control treatment which produced 169 kg seeds per kg of phosphorus. The lowest amount of this characteristic was obtained for 300 kg phosphorus fertilizer treatment. Considering the correlation between phosphorus stress factor and P uptake efficiency, it seems that P efficiency was dependent on P uptake (R2 = 0.477 **) rather than P utilization (R2 = 0.076 ns).
Conclusion: Phosphorus uptake efficiency can be used for selecting P efficient cultivars of canola under farm condition. Application of Opera and Okapi cultivars with 80 kg of fertilizer per ha in similar conditions of this experiment would be advisable and excess phosphorus fertilizer application would not significantly increase grain yield. Selecting suitable varieties could decrease application of chemical fertilizers in the soil.

Keywords

Canola; Efficiency; Phosphorus concentration; Phosphorus utilization; Uptake

References

1- Agricultural Ministry of Iran. 2018. Agricultural statistics 2017. Office of statistics and information technology, bureau of agricultural statistics and information technology statistics, Ministry of Agriculture, retrieved February 23, 2018, from http://amar.maj.ir/Portal/File/ShowFile.aspx?ID=e0b180a1-71de-4f1e-8798-531dd0f3132f.

2- Akhtar M.S., Oki Y., and Adachi, T. 2009. Mobilization and acquisition of sparingly soluble P sources by Brassica Cultivars under P Starved Environment: I. Differential growth response, P efficiency characteristics and P remobilization. Journal of Integrative Plant Biology 51)11): 1008-1023.

3- Aziz T., Ahmed I., Farooq M., Maqsood M.A., and Sabir M. 2011. Variation in phosphorus efficiency among Brassica cultivars I: Internal utilization and phosphorus remobilization. Journal of Plant Nutrition 34(13): 2006-2017.

4- Balcha A. 2014. Effect of phosphorus rates and varieties on grain yield, nutrient uptake and phosphorus efficiency of Tef [(Eragrostis tef(Zucc)] Trotter. American Journal of Plant Sciences 5: 262- 267.

5- Balemi1 T., and Negisho K. 2012. Management of soil phosphorus and plant adaptation mechanisms to phosphorus stress for sustainable crop production: a review. Journal of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition 12 (3): 547-561.

6- Black C.A., Evans D.D., and Dinauer R.C. 1965. Methods of Soil Analysis. American Society of Agronomy, Madison, WI, pp. 653-708.

7- Bleiholder H., Weber E., Lancashire P., Feller C., Buhr L., Hess M., and Klose R. 2001. Growth stages of mono-and dicotyledonous plants, BBCH Monograph. Federal Biological Research Centre for Agriculture and Forestry, 150 pp.

8- Bouyoucos G.J. 1962. Hydrometer method improved for making particle size analyses of soils. Agronomy Journal 54(5): 464-465.

9- Chen G., Nian F.Z., Xu F.S., and Wang Y. H. 2005. Effect of boron and molybdenum on yield and quality of two rapeseed cultivars. Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer Science 11: 243-247. (In Chinese)

10- Erkovan H.I., Güllap M.K., Daşçi M., and Koç A. 2010. Effects of phosphorus fertilizer and phosphorus solubilizing bacteria application on clover dominant meadow: I. Hay yield and botanical composition. Turkish Journal of Field Crops 15(1): 12-17.

11- Gunez a., Inal A., Alpaslan M., and Cakmak I. 2006. Genotypic variation in phosphorus efficiency between wheat cultivars grown under greenhouse and field conditions. Soil Science and Plant Nutrition 52(4): 470- 478.

12- Hammond J.P., Broadley M.R., White P.J., King G.J., Bowen H.C., Hayden R., and Spracklen W.P. 2009. Shoot yield derives phosphorus use efficiency in Brassica oleracea and correlates with root architecture traits. Journal of experimental botany 60(7): 1953-1968.

13- Hu Y., Ye Ye X., Shi L., Duan H., and Xu F. 2010. Genotypic differences in root morphology and phosphorus uptake kinetics in Brassica napus under low phosphorus supply. Journal of Plant Nutrition 33(6): 889-901.

14- Knight S., Morris N., Goulding K.W.T., Johnston A.E., Poulton P. R., and Philpott H. 2014. Identification of critical soil phosphate (P) levels for cereal and oilseed rape crops on a range of soil types. (HGCA Project Report No. 529). 74pp. HGCA/AHDB, Stoneleigh, UK.

15- Korkmaz K., Ibrikci H., Karnez E., Buyuk G., Ryan J., Ulger A.C., and Oguz H. 2009. Phosphorus Use Efficiency of Wheat Genotypes Grown in Calcareous Soils. Journal of Plant Nutrition 32(12): 2094–2106.

16- Korkmaz K., and Altıntaş Ç. 2016. Phosphorus Use Efficiency in Canola Genotypes. Turkish Journal of Agriculture-Food Science and Technology 4(6): 424-430.

17- Lindsay W. L., and Norvell W. A. 1978. Development of a DTPA test for zinc, iron, manganese, and copper. Soil Science Society of America Journal 42: 421-428.

18- Liu Y., Mi G., Chen F., Zhang J., and Zhang F. 2004. Rhizosphere effect and growth of two maize (Zea mays L.) genotypes with contrasting p efficiency at low p availability. Plant Science 167: 217-223.

19- McLean, E. 1982. Soil pH and lime requirement. In: Klute A. (Ed.). Methods of Soil Analysis- Part 2. Chemical and Microbiological properties. Agronomy Monograph, 9.2, pp. 199-224.

20- Nourgholipour F., Mirseyed Hosseini H., Tehrani M.M., Motesharezadeh B., and Moshiri F. 2017. Comparison of phosphorus efficiency among spring oilseed rape cultivars in response to phosphorus deficiency. New Zealand Journal of Crop and Horticultural Science 46: 54-71. doi:10.1080/01140671.2017.1343192.

21- Olsen S. R., Cole C. V., Watanabe F. S., and Dean L. A. 1954. Estimation of available phosphorus in

22- Orlovius K. 2003. Oilseed rape. Fertilizing for High Yield and Quality, Bulletin 16. Retrieved February 23, 2016, from https://www.ipipotash.org/udocs/No%2016%20Oilseed%20rape.pdf.

23- Osborne L.D., and Rengel Z. 2002. Screening cereals for genotypic variation in efficiency of phosphorus uptake and utilization. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 53(3): 295-303.

24- Ozturk L., Eker S., Torun B., and Cakmak I. 2005. Variation in phosphorus efficiency among 73 bread and durum wheat genotypes grown in a phosphorus-deficient calcareous soil. Plant and Soil 269: 69-80.

25- Rose T. J., Rengel Z., Ma Q., and Bowden J.W. 2007. Differential accumulation patterns of phosphorus and potassium by canola cultivars compared to wheat. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science 170(3): 404-411.

26- Rose T.J., and Wissuwa M. 2012. Rethinking internal phosphorus utilization efficiency: a new approach is needed to improve PUE in grain crops. Advances in Agronomy 116:185-217.

27- Sepehr E., Malakouti M.J., Kholdebarin B., Samadi A., and Karimian N. 2009. Genotypic variation in P efficiency of selected Iranian cereals in greenhouse experiment. International Journal of Plant Production 3: 17-28.

28- Shi T., Zhao D., Li D., Wang N., Meng J., Xu F., and Shi, L. 2012. Brassica napus root mutants insensitive to exogenous cytokinin show phosphorus efficiency. Plant and Soil 358(1): 61-74.

29- Tehrani M.M., Balali M.R., Moshiri F., and Daryashenas A. 2012. Recommendation and the estimation of mineral fertilizers in Iran: Challenges and Solutions. Research of Soil 26(2): 123-144.

30- Vanc C., Uhde-Stone C., and Allan D.L. 2003. Phosphorus acquisition and use: Critical adaptations by plants for securing a nonrenewable resource. New Phytologist 157: 423-447.

31- Walkley A., and Black I.A. 1934. An examination of the Degtjareff method for determining soil organic matter, and a proposed modification of the chromic acid titration method. Soil Science 37(1): 29-38.

32- Westerman R.L. 1990. Soil Testing and Plant Analysis. 3rd edition. American Society of Agronomy and Soil Science of America, Madison, Wisconsin.

33- Zhang H. W., Huang Y., Xiang-Sheng Y., and Fang-Sen X. 2008. Evaluation of phosphorus efficiency in rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) recombinant inbred lines at seedling stage. Acta Agronomica Sinica 34(12): 2152-2159.

34- Zhang H., Huang Y., Ye X., Shi L., and Xu F. 2009. Genotypic differences in phosphorus acquisition and the rhizosphere properties of Brassica napus in response to low phosphorus stress. Plant and Soil 320(1-2): 91-102.