Evaluation of Different Ratios of Biofertilizer Components Impact on Potassium Dissolution by Pseudomonas fluorescens

آب و خاک

Article 11, Volume 34, Issue 3 - Serial Number 71, July 2020, Pages 661-673   

Document Type: Research Article

DOI: 10.22067/jsw.v34i3.82161

Authors

S. Ashrafi-Saeidlou; A. Samadi; M.H. Rasouli-Sadaghiani^* ; M. Barin; E. Sepehr

Urmia University

Abstract

Introduction: Potassium (K) is abundant in soil, however, only 1 to 2 % of Potassium is available to plants. Depending on soil type, 90 to 98% of soil K is in the structure of various minerals such as feldspar (orthoclase and microcline) and mica (biotite and muscovite). About 1 to 10 % of soil K, in the form of non-exchangeable K, is trapped between the layers of certain types of clay minerals. The concentration of soluble K, which is directly taken up by plants and microbes in the soil and is exposed to leaching, varies from 2 to 5 mg l-1 in agricultural soils. Imbalanced use of chemical fertilizers, a significant increase of crop yield (depletion of soil soluble K), and the removal of K in the soil system result in a large rate of K fixation in the soil. As a result, K deficiency has been reported in most plants. The annual increase in the price of K fertilizers and the destructive effects of them on the environment have made it necessary to find a solution for the use of indigenous K of soil. The use of biofertilizers containing beneficial microorganisms is one of these strategies. Although K solubilizing bacteria can be an alternative and reliable technology for dissolving insoluble forms of K, lack of awareness among farmers, the slow impact of K biofertilizers on yield, less willingness of researchers to develop K biofertilizers technology and deficiencies of technology in respect to carrier suitability and proper formulation, are the major reasons for why potassium solubilizing microorganisms and K biofertilizers draw low attention.
Material and Methods: The purpose of this study was modeling and evaluating the effects of different vermicompost, phlogopite and sulfur ratios on the solubility and release of K by Pseudomonas fluorescens and indicating the optimized levels of these variables for efficient biofertilizer preparation. 20 experiments were carried out using the response surface methodology (RSM) based on the central composite design and the effect of different values of vermicompost, phlogopite and sulfur variables, in the four coded levels (+α, +1, 0, -1 and -α), was evaluated on K dissolution. The applied vermicompost, phlogopite and sulfur in the experiment were ground and filtered through a 140 mesh sieve and their water holding capacity were determined. According to experimental design, different amounts of mentioned materials were combined and samples were sterilized in autoclave. The required amount of water along with 1 ml of bacterial inoculant were added to the samples. The samples were kept in incubator for 2 months. At the end of experiment, amount of soluble K were measured by the flame photometer.
Results: The analysis of variance (ANOVA) depicted the reliable performance of the central composite predictive model of K dissolution (R2= 0.949 and RMSE=0.8). Based on the results, the interaction of vermicompost with sulfur (p < 0.038) and the interaction of phlogopite with sulfur (p < 0.0083) were relatively high and significant. Sensitivity analysis of the central composite design revealed that the vermicompost (X1), phlogopite (X2) and sulfur (X3) had positive and negative impact on potassium dissolution, respectively. Therefore, when sulfur content increased to 91.70%, K dissolution decreased to around 31.61%. According to the prediction under optimized condition, maximum potassium dissolution was obtained at the presence of 41.78, 24.35 and 10.25% of vermicompost, phlogopite and sulfur, respectively.
Conclusion: The results indicated that the applied fertilizer composition (vermicompost + phlogopite + sulfur) had a desirable impact on Pseudomonas fluorescens solubilizing ability on a laboratory scale. Due to the fact that Iran soils are often calcareous, there are high amounts of insoluble and unavailable nutrients. Under these unsuitable conditions, the application of these nutrients chemical fertilizers cannot reduce deficiencies. Therefore, we must use the ability of efficient microorganisms to dissolve and mobilize soil native elements. A combination of 41.78% vermicompost, 24.35% phlogopite and 10.55% sulfur could create a proper potassium biofertilizer by providing favorable conditions for bacterial activity. Along with solubilizing activities of bacteria, the presence of sulfur reduces soil pH and thereby nutrients availability and stability increase in these soils. Because of its acidity, sulfur has a significant effect on nutrients dissolution such as phosphorus, nitrogen and potassium, and micronutrients. On the other hand, the presence of vermicompost in this fertilizer, while meeting the carbon and energy requirements of bacteria and acting as a suitable carrier, improves the physicochemical properties of the soil, increases the biodiversity of the microbial community and, as a result, promotes the soil quality and health. The evaluation of this fertilizer composition efficiency (using optimal amounts of materials) at the greenhouse and field scales is suggested.

Keywords

Biofertilizer; Modeling; Response surface methodology; Vermicompost

References

1- Adesemoye A.O., and Kloepper J.W. 2009. Plant–microbes interactions in enhanced fertilizer-use efficiency. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology 85(1): 1-12.

2- Alikhani H.A., and Hemati A. 2014. Effect of Vermicompost Enrichment with Chemical Fertilizer and Bacterial Treatments on Humification and Acid Humic Properties. Agricultural Science and Sustainable Production 24: 113-125. (In Persian with English Abstract)

3- Almeida H.J., Pancelli M.A., Prado R.M., Cavalcante V.S., and Cruz F.J.R. 2015. Effect of potassium on nutritional status and productivity of peanuts in succession with sugar cane. Journal of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition 15(1): 1-10.‏

4- Amanpour J., Salari D., Niaei A., Mousavi S.M., and Panahi P.N. 2013. Optimization of Cu/activated carbon catalyst in low temperature selective catalytic reduction of NO process using response surface methodology. Journal of Environmental Science and Health 48(8): 879-886.

5- Anonymous. 2006. Biofertilizer Manual, FNCA Biofertilizer Project Group. Japan Atomic Industrial Forum.

6- Archana D.S., Nandish M.S., Savalagi V.P., and Alagawadi A.R. 2013. Characterization of potassium solubilizing bacteria (KSB) from rhizosphere soil. BIOINFOLET-A Quarterly Journal of Life Sciences 10(1): 248-257.‏

7- Ashrafi-Saeidlou S., and Rasouli-Sadaghiani M.H. 2017. Potassium release kinetics from K-bearing minerals in presence of silicate-solubilizing microorganisms. Iranian Journal of Soil and Water Research 3: 639-649. (In Persian with English Abstract)

8- Badr M.A., Shafei A.M., and Sharaf El-Deen S.H. 2006. The dissolution of K and P-bearing minerals by silicate dissolving bacteria and their effect on sorghum growth. Research Journal of Agriculture and Biological Sciences 2(1): 5-11.

9- Barin M., Sadeghi S., Rasouli-Sadaghiani M.H., Sepehr E., Dovlti B., and Vahedi R, 2018. Influence of k- solubilizing fungi on potassium release from silicate minerals and some growth indexes on Corn (Zea mays L.). Applied Soil Research 6(2): 96-108. (In Persian with English Abstract)

10- Benitez E., Nogales R., Elvira C., Masciandaro G., and Ceccanti B. 1999. Enzyme and earthworms activities during vermicomposting of carbaryl treated sewage sludge. Journal of Environmental Quality 28: 1099–1104.

11- Besharati H. 2001. Preparing appropriate medium for Thiobacillus and study of its interaction with VAM and grain yield of wheat. PhD Thesis, Tarbiat Modarres University. 212 p. (In Persian with English Abstract)

12- Besharati H., and Saleh Rastin N. 2000. Study of Thiobacillus bacterial inoculation effects along with sulfur to increase the absorption of phosphorus. Journal of Soil and Water Sciences 13(23): 1-39. (In Persian with English Abstract)

13- Bin L. 1998. A study on how silicate bacteria GY92 dissolves potassium from illite. Acta Mineralogica Sinica 18(2): 234-237.‏

14- Box G.E., and Draper N.R. 2007. Response surfaces, mixtures, and ridge analyses. John Wiley & Sons.

15- Busato J.G., Lima L.S., Aguiar N.O., Canellas L.P., and Olivares F.L. 2012. Changes in labile phosphorus forms during maturation of vermicompost enriched with phosphorus-solubilizing and diazotrophic bacteria. Bioresource Technology 110: 390–395.

16- Chapman H.D., and Pratt P.F. 1978. Methods of analysis for soils, plants and waters. P. 30-43. Division of Agricultural Sciences. University of California, Berkeley, USA.

17- Dix N.J., and Webster J. 1995. Fungal Ecology. Cahpman & Hall, Cambridge, UK. 57p.

18- Etesami H., Emami S., and Alikhani H.A. 2017. Potassium solubilizing bacteria (KSB): Mechanisms, promotion of plant growth, and future prospects A review. Journal of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition 17(4): 897-911.‏

19- Gangoliya S.S., Gupta R.K., and Singh N.K. 2015. Phytase production through response surface methodology and molecular characterization of Aspergillus fumigatus NF191. Indian Journal of Experimental Biology 53: 350-355.

20- Girgis M.G.Z., Khalil H.M., and Sharaf M.S. 2008. In vitro evaluation of rock phosphate and potassium solubilizing potential of some Bacillus strains. Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences 2(1): 68-81.

21- Glick B.R. 2012. Plant Growth-Promoting Bacteria: Mechanisms and Applications. Scientifica 2012: 1-15.

22- Han H.S., and Lee K.D. 2006. Effect of co-inoculation with phosphate and potassium solubilizing bacteria on mineral uptake and growth of pepper and cucumber. Plant, Soil and Environment 52(3): 130.

23- Kaushik P., Yadav Y.K., Dilbaghi N., and Garg V.K. 2008. Enrichment of vermicompost prepared from cow dung spiked solid textile mill sludge using nitrogen fixing and phosphate solubilizing bacteria. Environmentalist, 28:283–287.

24- Khoshrou B. Sarikhani M.R., and Aliasgharzad N. 2017. Application and non-application of sulfur in the formulation of Pseudomonas fluorescens phosphatic microbial fertilizer on Corn (Zea mays L.). Agricultural Science and Sustainable Production 27: 119-136.

25- Lian B., Wang B., Pan M., Liu C., and Teng H.H. 2008. Microbial release of potassium from K-bearing minerals by thermophilic fungus Aspergillus fumigatus. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 72(1): 87-98.

26- Liu W., Xu X., Wu X., Yang Q., Luo Y., and Christie P. 2006. Decomposition of silicate minerals by Bacillus mucilaginosus in liquid culture. Environmental Geochemistry and Health 28(1-2): 133-140.

27- Meena V.S., Maurya B.R., and Bahadur I. 2014. Potassium solubilization by bacterial strain in waste mica. Bangladesh Journal of Botany 43(2):235–237.

28- Meena V.S., Maurya B.R., Verma J.P., Aeron A., Kumar A., Kim K. and Bajpai V.K. 2015. Potassium solubilizing rhizobacteria (KSR): isolation, identification, and K-release dynamics from waste mica. Ecological Engineering 81: 340-347.

29- Mirseyed-Hosseini H., Gerdelidani-Fathi A., and Jabalameli M. 2017. Effects of elemental and bentonite sulfur on sulfur and phosphorous availability in calcareous soil and corn growth characteristics. Iranian Journal of Soil Research 1: 61-73.‏ (In Persian with English Abstract)

30- Nancarrow L., Taylor J.H. 1998. The Worm Book: The Complete Guide to Worms in Your Garden. Ten Speed Press. 152p.

31- Norouzi S., Khademi H., and Shirvani M. 2012. The kinetics of K release from muscovite and phlogopite with organic acids. Journal of Soil and Water Research 42: 163-173. (In Persian with English Abstract)

32- Parmar P., and Sindhu S.S. 2013. Potassium solubilization by rhizosphere bacteria: influence of nutritional and environmental conditions. Journal of Microbiological Research 3(1): 25-31.

33- Pradhan N., and Sukla L.B. 2006. Solubilization of inorganic phosphates by fungi isolated from agriculture soil. African Journal of Biotechnology 5(10): 850-854.

34- Prasad M.P. 2014. Optimization of fermentation conditions of phosphate solubilizing bacteria- a potential bio fertilizer. Merit Research Journal of Microbiology and Biological Science 2(2): 031-035.

35- Ravindran B., Dinesh S.L., John Kennedy L., and Sekaran G. 2008. Vermicomposting of solid waste generated from leather industries using epigeic earthworm Eisenia fetida. Applied Biochemical Biotechnology 151: 480–488.

36- Rodriguez H., and Fraga R. 1999. Phosphate solubilizing bacteria and their role in plant growth promotion. Biotechnology Advances 17:319-339.

37- Saha M., Maurya B.R., Meena V.S., Bahadur I., and Kumar A. 2016. Identification and characterization of potassium solubilizing bacteria (KSB) from Indo-Gangetic Plains of India. Biocatalysis and Agricultural Biotechnology 7: 202-209.‏

38- Senesi N., Miano T. M., and Brunetti G. 1996. Humic-like substances in organic amendments and effects on native soil humic substances. In Humic substances in terrestrial ecosystems. P. 531-593. Elsevier Science BV.

39- Sharmila M., Ramanand K., and Sethunathan N. 1989. Effect of yeast extract on the degradation of organophosphorus insecticides by soil enrichment and bacterial cultures. Canadian Journal of Microbiology 35(12): 1105-1110.

40- Sheng X.F., and He L.Y. 2006. Solubilization of potassium-bearing minerals by a wild-type strain of Bacillus edaphicus and its mutants and increased potassium uptake by wheat. Canadian Journal of Microbiology 52(1): 66-72.

41- Shilpa M.E., and Brahmaprakash G.P. 2016. Amendment of carrier with organic material for enhancing shelf life of microbial consortium. Journal of Pure and Applied Microbiology 10(4): 2835-2842.‏

42- Somasegaran P., and Hoben H.J. 1994. Preparing a Range of Carrier Materials and Producing Inoculants. In: Handbook for Rhizobia. Springer, New York.

43- Sparks D.L., and Huang P.M. 1985. Physical chemistry of soil potassium. P. 201-276. Potassium in Agriculture. Soil Science Society of America, Madison.

44- Sparks D.L. 1987. Potassium dynamics in soils. P. 1-63. In Advances in soil science. Springer, New York.‏

45- Swetha S., Varma A., and Padmavathi T. 2014. Statistical evaluation of the medium components for the production of high biomass, a-amylase and protease enzymes by Piriformospora indica using Plackett–Burman experimental design. Biotechnology 4: 439–445.

46- Whitelaw M.A. 1999. Growth promotion of plants inoculated with phosphate-solubilizing fungi. P. 99-151. In: Advances in Agronomy, Academic Press.

47- Whitelaw M.A. 2007. Growth promotion of plants inoculated with phosphate solubilizing fungi. Advances in Agronomy 69: 99-151.

48- Witek-Krowiak A., Chojnacka K., Podstawczyk D., Dawiec A., and Pokomeda K. 2014. Application of response surface methodology and artificial neural network methods in modelling and optimization of biosorption process. Bioresource Technology 160: 150-160.‏‏

49- Xiao Y., Wang X., Chen W., and Huang Q. 2017. Isolation and identification of three potassium-solubilizing bacteria from rape rhizospheric soil and their effects on ryegrass. Geomicrobiology Journal 34(10): 873-880.‏

50- Zord C., Senbayram M., and Peiter E. 2014. Potassium in agriculture – status and perspective. Journal of Plant Physiology 171:656–659.