Comparison of Phenological, Morphological and Pomological Characteristics of Six Apricot Promising Genotypes in Khorasan Razavi Province

علوم باغبانی

Article 12, Volume 34, Issue 3 - Serial Number 47, November 2020, Pages 505-520   

Document Type: Research Article

DOI: 10.22067/jhorts4.v34i3.85484

Authors

Ebrahim Ganji Moghadam^{* 1}; Hamid Rahnemoun²; Mahboobeh Zamanipour³

¹Mashhad

²Tabriz

³Iranshahr

Abstract

Introduction: Iran is the fourth largest apricot producer in the world. It is important to know the level of genetic diversity in breeding programs. Local genotypes are important because they are environmentally friendly and have beneficial genes in breeding programs. Therefore, this study was conducted with the main purpose to investigate the characteristics of phenology, morphology and pomology of six promising apricot genotypes in order to determine the best genotypes in Khorasan Razavi Province condition.
Materials and Methods: This study was conducted to evaluate characteristics of  six selected genotypes (‘190’, ‘269’, ‘414’, ‘464’, ‘390’ and ‘177’) compared to ‘Ordubad-90’ (as a control) with the aim of assessing their compatibility in Khorasan Razavi climatic conditions in a randomized complete block design with three replications, at Golmakan Research Station during the 2017-2019. These genotypes were selected randomly from the Azerbaijan apricot populations around 15 years ago and were undergoing preliminary studies in the main habitat and collecting and experimental orchards. During the research period, all genotypes were completely uniform in terms of environmental conditions and garden management. Quantitative analysis of variance was performed using SPSS software and comparison of means using Duncan's multiple range test at a probability level of 1%.
Results and Discussion: Results showed that significant differences between genotypes in terms of flowering dates and fruit ripening. So that, Genotypes of ‘269’ were the earliest (19 March) and ‘190’ were the most late flowering (27 March) and, in the terms of fruit ripening time, genotype of ‘177’ were the earliest (third decade of May) and genotype of ‘190’ were the most late (second decade of July). Also, genotype of ‘414’ had the highest height (302.57 cm), crown width (278.03 cm), trunk cross section (42.75 cm2), annual vegetative growth (58.98 cm) and size index (8.76 m). These results are consistent with the findings of Nejatian and Arzani (2002) and Mesbahi et al. (2014) on a relatively significant diversity in the morphological characteristics of the studied genotypes. There was direct correlation between fruit size and stone size, so that, the highest fruit weight (65 g), stone weight (3.49 g) and kernel weight (1.93 g) was in genotype of ‘414’. This result is agreement with Asma and Ozturk (2005) who reported that there are direct correlation among fruit weight, stone weight and kernel weight in the studied apricot genotypes in Turkey. The highest acidity content (0.67%) belonged to genotype of ‘177’, the highest pH (4.97) was in genotype of ‘390’ and the highest yield (20.66 kg) was in genotype of ‘190’. The obtained results are consistent with the results of Rahnemoon et al. (2005) on the existence of a significant difference between the mean percentage of sugar and the content of total organic acids. Accordingly, with the increase of soluble solids during fruit ripening, the amount of total acid decreased, which is consistent with the results of Asma and Ozturk (2005). Also, there was a significant negative correlation between flowering time and yield at the level of 1% (-0.704). These results are consistent with the findings of Piir et al. (2017).
The results of principal component analysis showed that PC1 factor with 47.06% of the total changes indicates fruit weight, stone weight and core weight, which can be called the factor of pomological traits. PC2 factor with 19.63% of the total changes indicates height, crown width and trunk cross section, which can be called the factor of morphological traits. PC3 factor with 15.14% of the total changes indicates the chemical properties of the fruit. The PC4 factor with 7.62% of the total changes indicates the time of beginning of flowering, the number of days from the full blooming stage to fruit ripening and yield, which can be called the factor of phenological traits. These four combinations accounted for about 89.45% of the total variation, and the other variations included a slight variation. These results are comparable to the results of Janatizadeh et al. (2011) regarding cultivars in Shahroud city.
Conclusion: Genotype of ‘177’ is recommended because of its early ripening. Also, genotype of ‘144’ due to large fruit size, genotype of ‘190’ due to late ripening and high yield compared to ‘Ordubad-90’ (control) are recommended.

Keywords

Apricot; Flower and fruit characteristics; Genetic diversity

References

1- Agricultural statistics. 2017. https://www.maj.ir/Dorsapax/userfiles/Sub65/Amarnamehj3-1396-site.pdf

2- Akin E.B., Karabulut I., and Topcu A. 2008. Some compositional properties of main Malatya apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.) varieties. Food Chemistry 107: 939-948.

3- Anonymous A. 1994. Fruit Juices Test Methods, 2nd edition. Iranian Standard and Industrial Research Institute, Karaj, Iran, Report No. 2685. (In Persian)

4- Asma B.M., and Ozturk K. 2005. Analysis of morphological, pomological and yield characteristics of some apricot germplasm in Turkey. Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution 52: 305-313.

5- Arzani K., Khoshghalb H., Malakouti M.J., and Barzegar M. 2008. Postharvest physicochemical changes and properties of Asian (Pyrus serotina Rehd.) and European (Pyrus communis L.) pear cultivars. Horticulture, Environment, and Biotechnology 49(4): 244-252.

6- Burgos L., Alburquerque N., and Egea J. 2004. Review. Flower in apricot and its implications for breeding. Spanish Journal of Agricultural Research 2(2): 227- 241.

7- Ebrahimi P., Rezaeinejad A., Ismaili A., and Karami F. 2015. Evaluation of genetic diversity and heritability of physiological and phenological characteristics of some apricot cultivars and genotypes (Prunus armenica L.). Journal of Plant Genetic Research 1(2): 55-70. (In Persion)

8- FAO. 2017.

9- Ganji Moghaddam E., Ahmadi Moghaddam H., and Piri S. 2013. Genetic variation of selected Siah Mashhad sweet cherry genotypes grown under Mashhad environmental conditions in Iran. Crop Breeding Journal 3(1): 45-51.

10- Gulcan R., Mısırlı A., Sağlam H., Yorgancıoğlu U., Erkan S., Gumus M., Olmez H.A., Derin K., Paydaş S., Eti S., and Demir T. (2006). Properties of Turkish apricot land races. Acta Horticulture 701: 191-198.

11- Heged̃????s A., Engel R., and Abrankoe L. 2010. Antioxidant and antiradical capacities in apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.) fruits: variations from genotypes, years, and analytical methods. Journal of Food Science 75(9): 722–730.

12- Imani A. 2004. Floral Biology of Temperate Zone Fruit Trees and Small Fruits. Sana Publication, Tehran, Iran. 672 pp. (In Persian)

13- Izadi E., Fatahi Moghadam M., and Nazeri V. 2011. Measurment of fruit qualitative characteristics of some wild and domestic plum (Prunus domestica L.). pp. 1488-1491. In: Proceedings of the 7th Iranian Horticultural Science Congress, Isfahan, Iran. (In Persian)

14- Janatizadeh A.A., Fattahi Moghaddam M.R., Zamani Z., and Zeraatgar H. 2011. Investigation of the genetic diversity of apricot varieties and cultivars using RAPD markers and morphological traits. Iranian journal of Horticultural Science 42: 255-265.

15- Khoshghalb H. 2001. Study on early growth, performance and survival of Asian pear cultivars (Pyrus serotina Rehd) on European Pear (Pyrus communis L.) seedling rootstock under environmental condition. MSc. Thesis, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran. (In Persian)

16- Kumar M., Mishra G. P., Singh R., Kumar J., Naik P. K., and Singh. S.B. 2009. Correspondence of ISSR and RAPD markers for comparative analysis of genetic diversity among different apricot genotypes from cold arid deserts of Trans – Himalayas. Physiology and Molecular Biology of Plants 15(3): 225 – 236.

17- Lo Bianco R., Farina V., Indelicato S.G., Filizzola F., Agozzino P. 2010. Fruit physical, chemical and aromatic attributes of early, intermediate and late apricot cultivars. Journal of Science Food and Agriculture, 90: 1008–1019.

18- Mesbahi K., Ganji Moghaddam A., Nikkhah S., and Asgharzadeh A. 2014. Phenological, morphological and pomological characteristics of some apricot genotypes and the effect of pretreatment and drying method on leaf quality. Journal of Seed and Plant Production, 30 (2): 153-167. (In Persian)

19- Milosevic T., Milosevic N., Glisic I., and Krska B. 2009. Characteristics of promising apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.) genetic resources in Central Serbia based on blossoming period and fruit quality. Horticultural Science 2: 46-55.

20- Mohammadzadeh S., Bouzari N. Abdossi V., and Kavand A. 2013. Morphological and pomological characteristics of some native apricot cultivars and genotypes of Iran. Seed and Plant Improvement Journal 29(1): 143-158. (In Persian)

21- Mozafari A.A. 2006. Descriptor of Fruits. University of Kurdistan Press. Iran. (In Persian)

22- Mratinic E., Popovski B., Miloševic T., and Popovska M. 2011. Analysis of morphological and pomological characteristics of quality, vegetative growth, and evapotranspiration relations. International Journal of the Physical Sciences 6: 3134-3142.

23- Nejatian M.A. 2008. Iranian apricot: genetical, phenological, morphological and physiological characters. Seed and Plant Improvement Institute, pp. 146. (In Persian)

24- Nejatian M.A. and Arzani K. 2002. Study on genetic diversity of Iranian native apricot cultivars. PhD. Thesis, College of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modaress University. Tehran, Iran. (In Persian)

25- Pinar H., Bircan M., Yilmaz C., Kargi S. P., Kaska N. and Yildiz A. 2008. The Performance of Some Apricot Cultivars in the Mersin Ecological Conditions. 14th International Symposium on Apricot Breeding and Culture, 16-20 Haziran 2008, Matera, Italy, 862: 109-112.

26- Piri S., Gholami R., Piri S.H., Mehri S.H., and Einizadeh S.H. 2017. Analysis of pomochemical properties of some apricot germplasm selected from Khalkhal region. Journal of Crop Production and Processing 7(2): 117-131. (In Persian)

27- Polat A.A., and Caliskan O. 2013. Yield and Fruit Characteristics of Various Apricot Cultivars under Subtropical Climate Conditions of the Mediterranean Region in Turkey. International Journal of Agronomy 1-5.

28- Rahnemoon H., Dzhampour J., Hajilo J., and Fathi H. 2015. Yielding characteristics of six promising apricot genotypes. Journal of Seed and Plant Production 2(31): 145-159. (In Persian)

29- Rotondi A., Magli M., Ricciolini C., and Baldoni L. 2003. Morphological and molecular analyses for the characterization of a group of Italian olive cultivars. Euphytica 132: 129-137.

30- Ruiz D., and Egea J. 2007. Phenotypic diversity and relationships of fruit quality traits in apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.) germplasm. Euphytica 163: 143-158.

31- Ruiz D., and Egea J. 2008. Analysis of the variability and correlations of floral biology factors affecting fruit set in apricot in a Mediterranean climate. Scientia Horticulturae 21: 154-163.

32- Schmidt H., and Gruppe W. 1988. Breeding dwarf rootstocks for sweet cherries. Hort Science 23: 112-114.

33- Sharifani M., Hemmati K., Hassani S., and Fallahi E. 2006. Evaluation of useful botanical traits for Iranian Pyrus species. Acta Horticulturae 769: 185-188.

34- Ullah S., Muhammad A., Hussian I., UrRahman H., Zeeshan Hyder M., Din M., and Din N. 2017. Morphological variations in apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.) cultivars growth in Gilgil Baltistan Pakistan. Pakistan Journal of Agricultural Research 30(1): 1-16.

35- Zadbagheri M., Mostafavi M., Khalili A., and Sadraei Mangili K. 2005. Study of quantitative and qualitative traits of 6 Iranian and foreign cherry cultivars and the relationship between these traits and fruit cracking rate. Journal of Agricultural Sciences 11: 127-142. (In Persian)